• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.572-579
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• 1995

Most of conventional ultrasonic transducers are constructed to generate either longitudinal or shear waves, but not both of them. We investigate the mechanism of dual mode transducers that generate both of the longitudinal and shear waves simultaneously with single PZT element. The study is aimed to find the optimally desired cut by examining the anisotropic piezoelectric properties. Theory predicts that a mixed P/S mode transducer can be constructed using a rotated Z-cut of PZT piezoelectric ceramics. We study the performance of a PZT element as a function of its rotation angle so that its efficiency is optimized to excite the two waves as much as equally strong. The results are verified by the waveform in pulse-echo computer simulation and experiments. When the transducer is subjected to impedance analysis, it shows two thickness mode resonances, each of which being a mixed P/S thickness mode. By examining wave speeds on E transmitter delay line receiver setup, it is confirmed that the transducer can transmit and detect both longitudinal and shear wave simultaneously.

• 한국레이저가공학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2011

In this work, we have studied on time-resolved transient reflective image of single crystalline Si surface after single-shot fs-laser irradiation with varying the laser fluence under two different laser spot sizes. The temporal profiles of transient reflectivity changes as well as its maximum values at the early delay time were found to be strongly dependent on both the laser beam spot size and laser fluence. We have interpreted the dependence of transient reflectivity changes on the laser spot size in terms of a relaxation of the generated free carriers to the bulk silicon, which should be interacted with the plasma.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.830-835
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• 1998

The characteristics of the ablation plume generated by 532 nm Nd: YAG laser irradiation of a Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) target have been investigated using a pulsed-field time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS). The relative abundance of O+, Ti+, Zr+, Pb+, TiO+, and ZrO+ ions has been measured and discussed. TiO+ and ZrO+ ions were also found to be particularly stable within the laser ablation plasma with respect to PbO+ species. The behavior of the temporal distributions of each ionic species was studied as a function of the delay time between the laser shot and the ion extraction pulse. The most probable velocity of each ablated ion is estimated to be Vmp=1.1-1.6x 105 cm/s at a laser fluence of 1.2 J/cm2, which is typically employed for the thin film deposition of PZT. The TOF distribution of Ti+ and Zr+ ions shows a trimodal distribution with one fast and two slow velocity components. The fast velocity component (6.8x 10' cm/s) appears to consist of directly ablated species via nonthermal process. The second component, originated from the thermal evaporation process, has a characteristic velocity of 1.4-1.6 x 105 cm/s. The slowest component (1.2 x 105 cm/s) is composed of a dissociation product formed from the corresponding oxide ion.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.663-669
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• 1994

Decay kinetics of Ga(5s), Ga(5p) and Ga(4d) atoms in Ar were studied by laser induced fluorescence technique. Theground state gallium atoms in the gas phase were generated by pulsed dc discharge of trimethyl gallium and argon mixtures. Both pulsed discharge and YAG-DYE laser system were controlled by a dual channel pulse generator and the delay time between the end of discharge and laser pulses was set 3.0-6.0 ms. The Ga(5s) and Ga(4d) atoms were generated by single photon excitation from the ground state Ga atoms and radiative lifetimes as well as the total quenching rate constants in Ar were obtained from the pressure dependence of the fluorescence decay rates. The Ga(5p) atoms were populated by a two-photon excitation method and the cascade fluorescence from Ga(5s) atoms were analyzed to extract quenching rate constant of Ga(5p) atoms by Ar in addition to radiative lifetimes of Ga(5p) state. The magnitudes of the quenching rate constants by Ar for the low-lying excited states of Ga atoms are 1.6-3$ {\times}10^{-11}cm^3$ molecul$e^{-1}s^{-1}$, which are much larger than those for alkali, alkaline earth and Group 12 metals. Based on the measured rate constants, kinetic simulations were done to assign state-to-state rate constants.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2019

Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) is a well-established method adopted by international pharmacopoeia for quantitative and purity analyses. Emodin is a type of anthraquinone, well known as the main active component of Fabaceae, Polygonaceae and Rhamnaceae. Purity analysis of emodin is usually performed by using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV method. However, it cannot detect impurities such as salts, volatile matter, and trace elements. Using the qNMR method, it is possible to determine the compound content as well as the nature of the impurities. Several experimental parameters were optimized for the quantification, such as relaxation delay, spectral width, number of scans, temperature, pulse width, and acquisition time. The method was validated, and the results of the qNMR method were compared with those obtained by the HPLC and mass balance analysis methods. The qNMR method is specific, rapid, simple, and therefore, a valuable and reliable method for the purity analysis of emodin.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2009

The quench detection system of the KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) primarily uses the resistive voltage measurement due to a quench. This method is to detect the resistive voltage generated by a quench, which is continuously maintained above the preset voltage threshold for a given holding time. As the KSTAR PF (Poloidal Field) coils are operated in the pulse current mode, the large inductive voltages are generated. Therefore the voltage threshold and the quench holding time should be determined by considering both the inductive voltages measured during the operation, and the maximum conductor temperature rise through the quench analysis. In this paper, the compensation methods for minimizing the inductive voltages are presented for the KSTAR PF coils. The quench hot spot analysis of the PF coils was carried out by the analytical and numerical methods for determining the proper values of the quench voltage threshold and the allowable quench protection delay time.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2023

The CFRP bar was used to achieve more ductile and durable headed-stud shear connectors in composite components. Three series of push-out tests were firstly conducted, including specimens reinforced with pure steel fibers, steel and CFRP bars. The distributed stress was measured by the commercial PPP-BOTDA (Pre-Pump-Pulse Brillouin optical time domain analysis) optical fiber sensor with high spatial resolution. A series of numerical analyses using non-linear FE models were also made to study the shear force transfer mechanism and crack response based on the test results. Test results show that the CFRP bar increases the shear strength and stiffness of the large diameter headed-stud shear connection, and it has equivalent reinforcing effects on the stud shear capacity as the commonly used steel bar. The embedded CFRP bar can also largely improve the shear force transfer mechanism and decrease the tensile stress in the transverse direction. The parametric study shows that low content steel fibers could delay the crack initiation of slab around the large diameter stud, and the CFRP bar with normal elastic modulus and the standard reinforcement ratio has good resistance to splitting crack growth in headed stud shear connectors.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2001

저광도 중합법, 펄스 지연 중합법, 초고광도 중합법 등의 광조사 방식이 광중합형 복합레진 수복물에서의 중합수축 응력에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 in vitro에서 미세 누출 실험을 하였다. 80개의 발거된 소구치의 협측면에 5급 와동을 형성하고, 600mW/$cm^2$로 30초간 광조사하는 보통 광도 중합군, 300mW/$cm^2$로 60초간 광조사하는 저광도 중합군, 400mW/$cm^2$로 2초간 광조사하고 5분간 기다린 후 800mW/$cm^2$로 10초간 최종 중합시키는 펄스-지연 중합군, 그리고 1930mW/$cm^2$의 광도로 3초간 광조사하는 초고광도 중합군 등의 4개의 군으로 나누어 hybrid 형의 광중합복합레진을 충전하고 각 군의 방법대로 중합한 후, 변연의 0.5mm 외부에 nail varnish를 도포하고 37$^{\circ}C$, 2% metylene blue 용액에 24시간 동안 침적시켰다. 시편을 아크릴릭 레진에 매몰한 후 수복물의 중앙에서 종절단하여 입체현미경하에서 그 단면을 관찰한 후 법랑질과 상아질 변연으로 나누어 색소의 침투도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 펄스 지연 중합군의 색소 침투도는 법랑질과 상아질 변연 모두에서 보통광도, 저광도 및 초고광도 중합군과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 2. 상아질 변연에서 초고광도 중합군은 보통광도 중합군과 저광도 중합군에 비해 유의하게 높은 색소 침투도를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 법랑질 변연에서의 4개 군의 색소 침투도는 서로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 4. 모든 군에서 상아질 변연에서의 색소 침투도는 법랑질군에서의 색소 침투도에 비해 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05).

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권12호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2015

클럭 펄스에 동기 되어 동작하는 임베디드 마이크로컨트롤러는 미션 크리티컬한 응용환경에서 입력 클럭에 가해지는 급격한 전기적 왜란의 영향에 의해 오동작이 발생되기 쉽다. 다양한 외부 전기적 노이즈에 대한 내성 있는 시스템 동작이 요구되며 시스템 클럭 관점에서 견고한 회로 디자인 기술이 점차 중요한 이슈가 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 시스템의 비이상적인 상황을 방지하기 위해 자동 클럭 에러 검출을 위한 온 칩클럭 컨트롤러 구조를 제안한다. 이를 위해 에지 검출기, 노이즈 제거기와 글리치 프리 클럭 스위칭 회로를 적용하였고, 에지 검출기는 입력 클럭의 비이상적인 저주파수 상태를 검출하는데 사용 되었으며, 딜레이 체인 회로를 이용한 클럭 펄스의 노이즈 제거기는 글리치 성분을 검출 할 수 있도록 하였다. 이렇게 검출된 입력 클럭의 비이상적인 상황은 글리치 프리 클럭 변환기에 의해 백업 클럭으로 스위칭하게 된다. 회로 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 백업 클럭 변환기의 동작을 검증하였고 테스트환경에서 방사노이즈를 인가하였을 때 시스템 클럭의 내성에 대한 주파수 특성을 평가하였다. 본 기법을 범용 MCMCU 구조에 추가적으로 적용하여 작은 하드웨어의 추가만으로도 시스템 클럭의 안전성을 확보하는 하나의 방법을 제시한다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.827-832
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 저궤도 위성의 반작용 휠 속도 측정을 위해 M-방식과 T-방식 모두 검출가능한 보드를 설계하여 두 방식의 장점을 이용할 수 있도록 하고, 실제 위성탑재컴퓨터에 장착하여 시험을 수행하고 이를 통하여 그 설계의 유용성을 검증한다. 위성에서 반작용 휠은 위성의 자세를 변화시킬 수 있는 대표적인 구동기의 하나로 반작용 휠 구동모터의 회전에 의해 발생하는 회전관성에 의해 자세 제어를 수행하게 된다. 반작용 휠의 회전속도를 검출하는 방법으로는 일정한 주기 T 동안 발생된 반작용 휠 내부 타코 펄스를 세어 휠의 속도를 검출하는 M-방식과 휠에서 발생되는 타코 펄스들 간의 시간을 측정해서 속도를 검출하는 T-방식으로 나눌 수 있다. M-방식은 구현이 간단하고 측정 시간이 일정하다는 장점이 있으나, 저속에서는 속도 측정 분해능이 떨어진다는 단점이 있다. 그에 반해, 타코 펄스간의 시간을 측정하는 T-방식은 저속에서 정밀한 속도를 측정할 수 있으며 측정에 따른 시간 지연이 작다는 장점이 있다. 그러나 이 방법 역시 실제 구현에 있어서 연산이 복잡하고 속도에 따라 연산 속도가 달라진다는 단점이 있다.