• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.36D no.1
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• pp.47-56
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• 1999

As the density of logic gates of VLSI chips has rapidly increased, more number of I/O pins has been required. This results in bigger package size and higher packager cost. The package cost is higher than the cost of bare chips for high I/O count VLSI chips. As the density of logic gates increases, the reduction method of the number of I/O pins for a given complexity of logic gates is required. In this paper, we propose the novel I/O interface circuit using CTR (Constant-Transition-Rate) code to reduce 50% of the number of I/O pins. The rising and falling edges of the symbol pulse of CTR codes contain 2-bit digital data, respectively. Since each symbol of the proposed CTR codes contains 4-bit digital data, the symbol rate can be reduced by the factor of 2 compared with the conventional I/O interface circuit. Also, the simultaneous switching noise(SSN) can be reduced because the transition rate is constant and the transition point of the symbols is widely distributed. The channel encoder is implemented only logic circuits and the circuit of the channel decoder is designed using the over-sampling method. The proper operation of the designed I/O interface circuit was verified using. HSPICE simulation with 0.6 m CMOS SPICE parameters. The simulation results indicate that the data transmission rate of the proposed circuit using 0.6 m CMOS technology is more than 200 Mbps/pin. We implemented the proposed circuit using Altera's FPGA and confimed the operation with the data transfer rate of 22.5 Mbps/pin.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 1986

A stud has been carried out for figuring out real photon spectrum from an observed gamma-ray spectrum by means of response matrix method, which is known one of the relatively convenient method for the estimation of exposure rate of a complex gamma ray field in comparison with graphical analysis and least square fitting of the measured spectrum. A 3'${\times}$3' cylindrical Nal(T1) scintillation detector in association with multichannel pulse height analyzer and six reference gamma ray sources covering the photon energy range of 0.05 to 2.0 MeV were used. In dividing the energy region for the construction of response matrix, two different approaches were attempted. One is dividing the entire energy region of interest into 20 bins, one of which corresponds to a width of 0.1 MeV to form $20{\times}20$ matrix, and another is dividing the 2 MeV region into 14 bins to form $14{\times}14$ matrix consists of $0.1(MeV)^{1/2}$ intervals assuming the resolution of the detector is dependent on square root of the incident photon energy. Inversion of thus constructed matrices was performed by a computor(P-E8/32) using the program attached to the end of this paper. The resultant exposure rates obtained by this method were in good agreement, within 10% with those calculated by ordinary formula widely used for a gamma-ray field of known energy and flux. It is concluded that the photen flux obtained by the response matrix constructed under the assumption of $E^{1/2}$ dependence is more realistic than that obtained by the matrix consist of identical energy bins in dosimetrical point of view.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.32-50
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• 2000

On the process of research in the plan on oriental medical participation in the industrial health sponsored by BK21 project, we carried out the oriental medical health examination program for workers during former half-year We reached the conclusion as follows, 1. The oriental medical health examination program is contents and formalities that should be determined by present industrial health system, based on the oriental medical system and scholastic character, and included probability of the western and oriental medical cooperation. 2. The oriental medical health examination program can promote capability of individual health management and productive power of workers, and it is capable to manage on the self-conscious symptoms and macroschophically approach to their environment 3. The oriental medical health examination program that we have developed, is flow as questionare, understanding of working environment, information of result and later management. It is composed of three fields as follow , first, use of pulse diagnostic apparatus, understanding of the health promotion life style, and diagnosis of the oriental medical doctor, second, analysis of constitution, third, photographing for understanding of the musculoskeletal disorders, questionare for musculoskeletal self-conscious symptoms, and diagnosis of oriental medical doctor. 4. The oriental medical health examination program that we have developed, progressive from the view point of health, makes the oriental medical doctor's roll more important. It is the first trial at the western and oriental medical cooperation and characterized by excellence about musouloskeletal disorders. But it need to be improved in aspects of time and specialist on the health examination, diagnostic apparatus, control of examinant and later management. So we think that it needs research on the employment of health examination specialist, establishment of later management system, development of significantly diagnosable standard and assessable form on the health examination, and contents of health examination on the western and oriental medical cooperation.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.220-229
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• 2013

Objectives : Electroacupuncture(EA) has been used effectively in producing analgesia on ankle sprain pain of humans and animals. Currently to examine the underlying mechanisms of the EA-induced analgesia, the effects of EA on weight-bearing forces(WBR) were examined at ankle sprain classified as grade 3 in rats. Methods : The severe ankle sprain classified as grade 3 was induced surgically by ankle ligament injury in the Sprague-Dawley rats. WBR of the affected foot were examined to evaluate effects and mechanism of EA(2 Hz, 1 ms pulse width, 2 mA intensity, for 15 min) which was applied to either SI6, GB34, or GB39 acupoints. The rats were pretreated with naltrexone(10 mg/kg, i.p.) as an opioid receptor antagonist or phentolamine(5 mg/kg, i.p) as an ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptor antagonist at 30 min before EA. Results : The daily repeat EA at either SI6, GB34, or GB39 showed significant analgesic effects on the severe ankle sprain. Particularly, daily EA at GB34 showed more potent analgesic effect than the others. In addition, the naltrexone pretreatment completely blocked the analgesic effect of EA at GB34, indicating the involvement of the endogenous opioid system in mediating the effect of EA at GB34. However, the phentolamine pretreament blocked analgesic effects of EA at either SI6 or GB39, indicating the involvement of ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptors in mediating the effect of EA at either SI6 or GB39. Conclusions : These data suggest that EA-induced analgesia on ankle sprain pain is mediated through either endogenous opioids or ${\alpha}$-adrenoceptors dependant on acupoint specific pattern.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.106-111
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• 2007

[ $Henoch-Sch\ddot{o}nlein$ ] Purpura(HSP) is a form of vasculitis that typically affects small arteries in the skin, joints, intestinal tract and kidneys. It usually resolves spontaneously but sometimes can cause serious problems in the kidneys and intestinal tract. A 6-year-old girl with purpura, arthralgia and abdominal pain for 2 weeks was admitted. She also showed gross hematuria, generalized edema and decreased urine output. Blood pressure was in the upper normal range. Initial laboratory findings showed hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, microhematuria and nephrotic-range proteinuria(27.2 g/day). Initially, she was treated with pulse methylprednisolone, azathioprine, albumin and furosemide. Her renal biopsy revealed diffuse mesangial proliferation with strong IgA deposition. There were no crescents. On the third hospital day, she complained of severe abdominal pain and free peritoneal air was seen on abdominal X-ray. Primary repair of small bowel was performed and two pin-point sized holes were found. One week later, she still showed heavy proteinuria. Therefore, we added an ACE inhibitor and dipyridamole, and changed azathioprine to cyclosporine. One month later, the urine protein/creatinine ratio was decreased to 17.8 from 57, but heavy proteinuria has been still persisted. Here we report a rare case of a patient with HSP who had both severe nephrritc-nephrotic syndrome and small bowel perforation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.509-512
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• 2012

Objective : The purpose of this study is to evaluate neuroprotective effect of sacral neuromodulation in rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model in the histological and functional aspects. Methods : Twenty-one female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups : the normal control group (CTL, n=7), the SCI with sham stimulation group (SCI, n=7), and the SCI with electrical stimulation (SCI+ES, n=7). Spinal cord was injured by dropping an impactor from 25 mm height. Sacral nerve electrical stimulation was performed by the following protocol : pulse duration, 0.1 ms; frequency, 20 Hz; stimulation time, 30 minutes; and stimulation duration, 4 weeks. Both locomotor function and histological examination were evaluated as scheduled. Results : The number of anterior horn cell was $12.3{\pm}5.7$ cells/high power field (HPF) in the CTL group, $7.8{\pm}4.9$ cells/HPF in the SCI group, and $6.9{\pm}5.5$ cells/HPF in the SCI+ES group, respectively. Both the SCI and the SCI+ES groups showed severe loss of anterior horn cells and myelin fibers compared with the CTL group. Cavitation and demyelinization of the nerve fibers has no significant difference between the SCI group and the SCI+ES group. Cavitation of dorsal column was more evident in only two rats of SCI group than the SCI+ES group. The locomotor function of all rats improved over time but there was no significant difference at any point in time between the SCI and the SCI+ES group. Conclusion : In a rat thoracic spinal cord contusion model, we observed that sacral neuromodulation did not prevent SCI-induced myelin loss and apoptosis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design a variable frequency LED light system for plant factory which combined red, blue, green, white, and UV lights and controlled the ratio of the light wavelength. In addition, this study evaluated the performance of each combination of LED to verify the applicability. Methods: Four combinations of LED (i.e. Red+Blue, Red+Blue+Green, Red+Blue+White, Red+Blue+UV) were designed using five types of LED. The system was designed to control the duty ratio of each wavelength of LED by 1% interval from 0~100%, the pulse by 1Hz interval from 1~20kHz. Response characteristics of the control system, spectral distribution of each combination, light uniformity and uniformity ratio were measured to test the performance of the system. Results: Clean waveforms were measured from 10Hz to 10kHz regardless of duty ratio. Frequency distortion was observed within 5% of inflection point at frequencies above 10kHz regardless of duty ratio, but it was judged negligible. Spectra showed a normal distribution, and maximum PPF with duty ratio of 100% was $271.4{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ for the Red+Blue combination. PPF of the Red+Blue+Green combination was $258.9{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, and that of the Red+Blue+White combination was $273.9{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. PPF of the Red+Blue+UV combination was $267.7{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Uniformity ratio for the area excepting border showed 0.90 for the Red+Blue and Red+Blue+White combinations, 0.87 for the Red+Blue+Green combination, and 0.88 for the Red+Blue+UV combination. The light was irradiated evenly at the area excepting border, so it was suitable for plant growing. Conclusions: From the results of this study, response characteristics of the control system, spectral distribution of each combination, light uniformity and uniformity ratio were suitable for applying into the plant factory.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1035-1046
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• 2008

I looked into hypochondria, an increasing social problem, in psychological and Korean medical aspects and these conclusions were made through 16 clinical cases based on HyungSang medicine. Hypochondria is a disorder that is caused when feeble minded person could not fight the reality. It is caused by deficiency and stagnation of Ki which connects body and mind. In Korean medical view point mind and body is the same. Particularly, in HyungSang medicine believes that everyone's way of life and how to deal with situation differs according to the characteristics and traits. HyungSang medical treatment in hypochondria Mind and body is in line with each other, so manifestation of mental activity is caused by deficiency of combining action of vital Ki. Medication that helps combining force of vital Ki is needed. As the way people handle situation is different, according to characteristics and trait it is valid to differ counselling and treatment according to the criteria. Looking at 16 case studies of hypochondria patients, in gender wise, woman with astriction quality and engaging in much mental activities are more vulnerable. In view of vital substances, more cases were found in Jung type and Ki type. In animal type, bird and reptile type were, and in six meridian type, Tae yang, Yang Myong, Tae Eum and Kwolum type were more susceptible. Especially, cases of Indang being stagnant was noticeable. Moreover, the pulse activated parallel with the Heart which is a leading organ that manifests mental activity and controls seven emotions, so many cases were found that was far from Heart-Small intestine and Heart-Gall Bladder relationship.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 1989

About Oui-Ga-Sil(胃家實) in order to considerate the contents recorded in Nai-Gyung Sang-Han-Lon and latter literature, definition, etiopathology, syndrome, differential diagnosis, therapy, Prognosis and prevention were classified. And the results were as follows: 1. Oui-Ga(胃家)was a term which indicated the whole digestive system such as stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Sil(實)could be defined as the peculiar concept pertaining to the acute and last stage which was invaded to inside bowels because of abundance with evil influence. 2. Eliology of Oui-Ga-Sil was abunt gastric fever originally, injured mucus because of mistreatment, the invasion to inside of outside evil influence through meridian. Pathology was the opening and shutting appearance of gastric abundance with intestinal emptiness, and intestinal abundance with gastric emptiness, Oui-Ga-Sil could be occurred because of gastric abundant dryness and splenic humidifying capacity decrease. 3. Symptom of Oui-Ga-Sil was classified as for the sunlight outside syndrome and the inside abundant syndrome. The sunlight outside syndrome was body fever, sweating, no chilling, on the contrary hatred of fever. The chief complaint of inside abundant syndrome was daily fever, talking in delirium, hand and foot sweating, abdominal distention, difficult defection and those could be pertained to sunlight bowel syndrome. 4. Diagnostic views of Oui-Ga-Sil were that pulse was descending abundant large strong and smooth quick, a coated tongue was yellow, deep yellow, old yellow, thick, scorching dry rough or gray black. On abdominal diagnosis, pressing by hand, patient was conscious of pain, excessive pain, rejection against press, impossible press or intermittent abdominal pain and bowel cutting pain without press. 5. Differential diagnosis was that the sunlight of Nai-Gyung-Fever-Theory was outside desease making meridian the prime object, Baik-Ho-Tang syndrome was making figureless abundant fever the pivotal point. And important differential standard of splenic shrink syndrome was that a daily fever, an irritation with fever were not occurred. 6. Theory of Oui-Ga-Sil was that Seng-Gi-Tang classes had been used in attacking downward or making balance, and moxibustion on Jung-Wan, honey boiling induction theory had been also used. Attacking downward therapy was invigorating method to preserve mucus, and if mucus had been exausted with complicating emptiness prognosis had been appeared badly. 7. Preventing from Oui-Ga-Sil diet by rule, fitness to cold and warmth may be needed to prevent outside evil influence attack and inside evil influence occurrence. Prudence with being very busy, fatigue, wine and woman may be also needed not to be an injury to splanic and gastric spirit.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 1995

In order to nursing practice of the patient in Oriental medicine, it is suggested that the fundamental recognition of Oriental medicine should be preceded. It is, however, difficult that we comprehend Oriental medicine generally since it is different from Western medicine in the point of th symptom. We have thought that is to be carried out to select and analyze a disease by the sense of Oriental medicine for the establishment of Oriental medical nursing. So we have tried out the analysis of Tae-Yang In view of the results so far achieved, it has been suggested that Tae-Yang Symptom applies to the first step of Sanghan Yug Kyung Symptom and consists of Palsy, Sanghan, Onbyung, Dropsy, and Congestion. In the Oriental medicine, Tae-Yang Symptom is recognized to be concerned with a common cold and the respiratory, renal and hepatic diseases. In the points of Orintal medicine, it is noticed that Tae-Yang Symptom is caused by the wind and cold evil, is related to human resisting force, and is fused with each other. And the treatment of Tae-Yang Symptom is various by the cause and the pathological mechanism. In the points of Western medicine. it is difficult to comprehend that various disease germs revolving each disease are implied by identical symptom. The summary of this study are as follows ; 1. In the outer-caused diseases. so called Tae-Yang Symptom, it is an important index to the patient's resisting force and the type of a disease whether he sweats, chills and the pulse is tense or not. 2. The treatments are various according the body's resisting force and the type of symptoms; harmonizing Yung & Wee(調榮衛) to Weaknees of surface(表虛證), sudorifics flourishing of evils(表實證), and antifebriles to On-byung(溫病). 3. If Tae-Yang Symptom is not cured, it progresses to develop complications ; Dropsy(蓄水) & congestion(蓄血), the former brings about renal diseases and the latter hepatic diseses. According to the resuslts mentioned above, we have come to the conclusion that the Oriental - medical nursing must emphasis the body's sesiting force and the type of symptoms rather than the name of a disease.