• 펄프종이기술
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2013

Electron beam treatment was applied for improving dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids. Two ionic liquids, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl]: AC) and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylphosphite ([Dmim][$(MeO)(H)PO_2$]: Me) were used for this experiment. Treatment with electron beams up to dose of 400 kGy resulted in the increase of hot water extract and alkali extract of cotton pulp and the great reduction in the molecular weight of cellulose. For the dissolution of cotton pulp with two ionic liquids, the electron beam treated samples showed faster dissolution. The dissolved cellulose with Me ionic liquid were regenerated with acetonitrile and the structure of regenerated cellulose showed distinct difference depending on the electron beam treatment. Those results provide the electron beam pre-treatment could be applied as an energy efficient and environmentally benign method to increase the dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.158-169
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 소구치부에 발생한 치외치의 치료방법, 결과, 시기, 각 치료방법의 실패시 임상 증상과 징후 등에 대해 분석하는 것이다. 연구에는 151명의 환자와 417개의 치아가 포함되었다. 치료방법에는 예방적 치료인 레진 수복, 직접 치수복조와 근관 치료인 치수 재혈관화, 치근단 형성술, 전통적인 근관치료가 포함되었다. 예방적 레진 수복은 치외치 결절이 온전한 상태에서 성공적인 결과를 보였으며, 결절이 파절된 경우에도 효과적이었다. 직접 치수복조는 치근단 병소 없이 저작통만 존재할 때 임상 증상의 해소와 치근 성장을 보였다. 치수 재혈관화, 치근단 형성술, 전통적인 근관치료 시 가장 많이 나타난 치료 전 상태는 치근단 병소이었다. 치수 재혈관화는 대부분에서 성공적인 결과를 보였다. 하지만 일부에서 치근 길이 또는 치근벽 두께 증가가 나타나지 않은 경우가 있었다. 치근단 형성술과 전통적인 근관치료는 모두 효과적이었다. 치외치의 예방적 치료 성공률을 높이기 위해 치외치가 교합력을 받지 않을 때이거나 온전한 결절이 존재하는 상태에서 레진 수복이 시행되어야 한다. 결절이 파절된 경우 성공적인 치료를 위해서는 치근발육단계와 치수 상태가 고려되어야 한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.240-244
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• 2012

Crown reattachment is the most conservative treatment which can be used to restore fractured tooth, presumably with sufficient strength, while maintaining original contour, incisal translucency, and reducing chair time and cost. However, in case of crown fracture with pin-point pulp exposure, we should cautiously minimize the irritation to the pulp and consider pre-treatment pulpal status, choice of pulp capping materials, choice of bonding system and treatment sequence during crown reattachment procedures. This case reports the considerations while crown reattachment with direct pulp capping using calcium hydroxide (Dycal, Dentsply Caulk).

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1998

It is well known that the recycling of pulp generates a lot of fines, and cause the hornification of fiber. Both phenomena have been contributed to a limited use of recycled fiber. Among several means which can improve the properties of recycled fiber, enzymatic treatments are considered as an effective means. Thus the effects of xylanase on the properties of recycled pulp were investigated in this study Xylanase treatment showed some refining effect at a small dosage while the fines and fibrils were reduced at higher dosage as shown in the treatment with cellulase-hemicellulase. The interesting finding is that the WRV of recycled fiber treated with xylanase was higher than that treated with the mixture of cellulase and hemicellulase. Breaking length and tear index of recycled fiber treated with xylanase were also higher.

• 현장농수산연구지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.60-66
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• 2024

본 실험은 자돈 사료 내 섬유소 공급원 및 첨가 수준의 차이가 이유자돈의 성장 능력에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 섬유소 공급원으로 sugar beet pulp와 oat hull을 각 2%, 8% 첨가 수준을 달리하여 자돈에 급이하였으며, 처리구는 사료 내 항생제를 0.1% 첨가한 PC 처리구의 성장 성적에 비해 낮았으나, 항생제를 첨가하지 않은 NC 처리구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 또한 sugar beet pulp 8%를 급이 한 처리구는 PC 처리구와 유사한 성장 성적을 보였으며, 이는 섬유소 공급이 이유 후 자돈의 장내 환경에 긍정적 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2016

Various mechanical and chemical pretreatment methods including alkali treatment, pre-beating, enzyme treatment and oxidation treatment have been used to reduce the production energy of the microfibrillated cellulose (MFC). Among them, alkali swelling can be helpful to reduce the energy consumption because the internal bonding between fibrils could be weakened. In this study, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a cosolvent to improve alkali pretreatment efficiency and the effects of NaOH concentration during NaOH-DMSO swelling on changes in fiber characteristics of softwood bleached kraft pulp (SwBKP) were elucidated. For alkali treatment in H2O-DMSO solvents, fiber length were decreased with increasing NaOH concentration while fiber width, curl and WRV were increased. WRV began to increase at 8% NaOH solution. In addition, above 8% concentration of NaOH, crystalline structure of pulp fibers converted from cellulose II to cellulose III by DMSO cosolvent. Comparing the previous results with this study, it was shown that DMSO cosolvent could promote swelling of pulp fibers and thus reduce NaOH concentration for the maximum swelling of fibers.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.187-198
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of wilting and additives on fermetation characteristics, quality and aerobic stability of silage of rye(Seca1e cereale L.) harvested at the early heading stage. Harvested rye was wilted or mixed with beet pulp and then treated with formic acid or lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculant. Treatments were consisted of direct cut(DC), wilted(WT), beet pulp added(BP), direct cut and formate applied(DF), wilted and formate applied(WF), beet pulp and formate applied(BF), direct cut and LAB inoculated(DL), beet pulp added and LAB inoculated(BL), and wilted and LAB inoculated(WL) silages. Afler 70 days of ensiling period, the silages were opened and exposed to air for 7 days, and the silages of opening day(0 day) were compared with the silages exposed to air for 7 days(7 day). 1. LAB inoculated rye silages(DL, WL, BL) lowered pH values effectively eom the third day of ensiling and showed most stable pattern of pH changes during the initial fermentation process. Direct cut and formate applied(DF), beet pulp and formate applied(BF) and beet pulp added(BP) silages were also effective in lowering pH from the seventh day thai direct cut treatment(DC). 2. pH was low below 3.7 in all treatments of 0 day. After 7-day period of aerobic exposure, DL and WL showed considerable increases in pH from 3.5 and 3.4 to 8.3 and 6.4, respectively. 3. Direct cut rye silages(DF, DC, DL) and beet pulp and formate treatment(BF) produced effluent of 121.2, 85.9, 80.3 and 34.2 mlkg, respectively and these were greater than others(P<0.01). Beet pulp retained 1.61 I/kg of effluent at the application rate of 50 kg/t in comparing BP with DC, and formate application increased the amount of effluent in comparing DF and BF with DC and BP, respectively(P<0.01). 4. Beet pulp and LAB treatment(B1) was highest in content of lactate as 3.1% and formate treated silages(DF, WF, BF) showed lower content of lactate and total acid than others. LAB inoculated(D1, WL, BL) and wilted (WT) silages were graded to be good quality as a second group by the Flieg's score. Formate applied silages (DF, WF, BF) were graded as a foum group lower than DC by one. 5. Residual content of WSC of rye silage was higher in BP, BF, DL and BL than direct cut treatment(M3) (P< 0.01). Formate application had a tendency to increase the content of residual content of WSC. 6. For the ratio of NH3-N to Total N, wilted and LAB inoculated(W1) and direct cut and LAB inoculated(D1) silages were lowest on 0 day as 8.9 and 9.3% respectively. But after 7-day period of aerobic exposure, WL and DL showed largest increase of the ratio of $NH_3-N$ to Total N from 0 day(P<0.01). 7. On 0 day wilted(WT), beet pulp and formate treatment(BF), and beet pulp and LAB treatment(B1) were lower than direct cut treatment(DC) for NDF and ADF concentrations consistently. Formate applied silages (DF, WF, BF) made little change in ADF and NDF concentrations during 7 day period of aerobic exposure. DL and WL showed a large increase in ADF and NDF concentrations under aerobic condition(P<0.01). 8. IVDMD values of wilted(WT), beet pulp added(BP), wilted and LAB inoculated(W1) and beet pulp added and LAB inoculated(B1) silages were higher than direct-cut treatmentPC) as 84.7, 84.7, 84.4 and 83.0%, respectively on 0 day. But during 7-day period of aerobic exposure, a great decreae in IVDMD of WL was showed(P<0.01). The experimental results indicate that wilted silage(WT) could be recommended as the most effective treatment for reducing efluent and increasing quality and feed value of rye silage without deteriorating aerobic stability more than direct cut treatment(DC). Additionally, under unfavorable weather condition beet pulp added and LAB inoculated treatment(T3L) might be the possible alternative for successful ensiling of forage rye.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2015

Traditionally, apexification has been used to treat immature permanent teeth that have lost pulp vitality. This technique promotes the formation of an apical barrier to close the open apex so that the filling materials can be confined to the root canal. Because tissue regeneration cannot be achieved with apexification, a new technique called regenerative endodontic treatment was presented recently to treat immature permanent teeth. Regenerative endodontic treatment is a treatment procedure designed to replace damaged pulp tissue with viable tissue which restores the normal function of the pulp-dentin structure. After regenerative endodontic treatment, continued root development and hard tissue deposition on the dentinal wall can occur under ideal circumstances. However, it is difficult to predict the result of regenerative endodontic treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to summarize multiple factors effects on the result of regenerative endodontic treatment in order to achieve more predictable results. In this study, we investigated the features of regenerative endodontic treatment in comparison with those of other pulp treatment procedures and analyzed the factors that have an effect on regenerative endodontic treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2010

Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of replacing 30% (% in diet DM) of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) hay with citrus pulp in Merino ewe diets: i) an in vitro study which measured ruminal fermentation; and ii) an in vivo study in which twelve Merino ewes pre- and post-lambing were fed experimental diets in a cross-over design over 120 days to evaluate effects on ewe performance (i.e. DM intake, average daily gain (ADG) and wool growth). In both the in vitro and in vivo studies, the control treatment consisted of lucerne (91.3% in diet DM), lupins (8.3% in diet DM) and phosphate (0.42% in diet DM), while the citrus pulp treatment consisted of lucerne (57.7% in diet DM), lupins (9.5% in diet DM), phosphate (0.48% in diet DM) and fresh citrus pulp (32.3% in diet DM). Data were analysed using the mixed model procedure of SAS. In the in vitro study, gas production, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) yield, proportion of propionic acid to total VFA and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were higher (p<0.02) in the citrus pulp treatment compared to the control treatment. In contrast, in vitro ammonia production, pH and the acetate to propionate ratio were lower (p<0.03) for the citrus pulp treatment compared to the control treatment. In the in vivo study, DM intake of ewes fed the citrus pulp diet was lower than their control ewe counterparts throughout both the pre- and post-lambing periods (928.9 vs. 1,115.0 g/d pre-; 1,285.0 vs. 1,620.3 g/d post-lambing, p<0.01), however ADG was similar (p = 0.12). Wool growth parameters and lamb performance did not differ (p>0.32) between treatments. In summary, the in vitro study demonstrated that the replacement of 30% of a lucerne diet with fresh citrus pulp improved total VFA yield, increased total gas production and improved IVDMD, while decreasing the production of ammonia, acetic acid and rumen pH. In addition, the in vivo study demonstrated that the replacement of 30% of a lucerne diet with fresh citrus pulp pre- and post-lambing decreased intake but did not affect ewe performance in terms of ADG and wool growth. These findings, of course, would be of significant interest to sheep producers endeavouring to control cost of feed ingredients whilst maintaining productivity.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.65-72
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• 2014

In this study, effects of alkali swelling at low concentration below 2 percent on properties of hardwood bleached kraft pulp (HwBKP) were elucidated. Swelling treatment of HwBKP was performed at various NaOH concentrations with/without beating. Then, the swelling characteristics of pulp fiber was evaluated by measuring the solvent retention values such as water retention value (WRV) and isopropyl alcohol retention value (LRV). It was found that fiber characteristics were influenced by NaOH swelling even at low alkali concentration and beating treatment as well. The values of WRV and LRV were decreased when the alkali concentration was increased. It is the result from the decreased acidic groups of pulp which were formed during beating. The acidic groups could be neutralized and then removed by alkali. The difference between WRV and LRV was decreased with increasing alkali concentration while the difference was increased when the alkali swollen pulp was beaten. In addition, the crystalline structure of HwBKP was almost not changed while the crystallinity was influenced by swelling treatment at a low alkali concentration.