• 대한한의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2004

Backgrounds & Objectives: Many acute and chronic lung disorders with variable degrees of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis are collectively referred to as interstitial lung diseases. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of several idiopathic interstitial pneumonias with the pathogenesis unclear. Astragali Radix is known to inhibit the Th2 immune response. The effects of Astragali Radix on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Astragali Radix extract was daily given to the normal rats, control (bleomycin) and treated (bleomycin and Astragali Radix extract, 24.0 mg/10g body weight) rats for 14 days. After 14 days, we observed the change of total leukocyte count and percentage, IFN-gamma and IL-4 in BALF (Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid), and of semiquantitative histological index (SHI). Results: Compared to the control group, Astragali Radix decreased total leukocyte count (p<0.05), lymphocyte (p<0.05), neutrophil (no significance) percentage, SHI (p<0.05), IFN-gamma and IL-4 (p<0.05). Otherwise, macrophage percentage was increased (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study showed that Astragali Radix reduced the incidence of inflammatory cells and cytokines and prevented the fibrosis of tissue in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis rats.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.123-126
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• 2009

효모균증은 비둘기의 배설물에 의해 오염된 먼지나 토양에 주로 존재하는 cryptococcus neoformans에 의한 아급성 또는 만성 감염이다. 폐의 효모균증은 건강한 사람에게는 잘 발생하지 않으며 면역이 저하된 환자 특히 후천성 면역결핍증 환자에게서 호발 한다. 일반적으로 증상이 없이 단순 흉부 X-선 검사에서 고립성 또는 다발성 폐 결절이 관찰되며, 이런 경우에는 대부분 절제된 조직의 병리학적 소견으로 진단된다. 본 증례는 갑상선 암으로 수술 받은 32세 여자환자에서 추적관찰 중에 발견된 좌하엽폐의 종괴가 전이성 폐암으로 추정되어 좌하엽폐 절제술을 시행한 후 폐 효모균증으로 확인되었다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.95-101
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• 1999

The scavenging effects of two hyaroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid on paraquat induced pulmonary toxicity were investigated. The results are summerized as follows: 1. In the 5-lipoxygenase assay, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid inhibited the enzyme activities whose inhibition concentration (IC$\_$50/) were 4.1 and 9.6 ${\mu}$M respectively. 2. To evaluate the antiinflammatory effects on mediator related to the mechanism of inflammation, ADP-induced platelet aggregation assay and histamine degranulation assay were used. Caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid inhibited on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and histamine release at a concentration dependent manners. 3. Arachidonic acid-induced ear edema were inhibited by administration of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. 4. Cytologicad analysis of branchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) which was the useful tool for detection of an inflammatory response in the lungs of animals intoxicated with chemicals were used. Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in BALF, as well as the protein content and the LDH activity in BALF supernatant increased by intoxication of paraquat, but decreased by administration of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid. Therefore, two hydroxyeinnamic acids tested were the useful candidates for scavenger and antiinflammatory agents on paraquat induced pulmonary toxicity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제84권1호
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• pp.22-34
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• 2021

The coronavirus pandemic, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is an infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus first identified in patients from Wuhan, China. Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread swiftly around the world, infected more than 25 million people, and caused more than 800,000 deaths in 188 countries. Chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) appear to be risk factors for COVID-19, however, their prevalence remains controversial. In fact, studies in China reported lower rates of chronic respiratory conditions in patients with COVID-19 than in the general population, while the trend is reversed in the United States and Europe. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms of a possible interaction between COVID-19 and chronic respiratory diseases remain unknown, some observations can help to elucidate them. Indeed, physiological changes, immune response, or medications used against SARS-CoV-2 may have a greater impact on patients with chronic respiratory conditions already debilitated by chronic inflammation, dyspnea, and the use of immunosuppressant drugs like corticosteroids. In this review, we discuss importance and the impact of COVID-19 on asthma and COPD patients, the possible available treatments, and patient management during the pandemic.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1416-1435
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• 2021

Non-infectious granulomatous lung disease represents a diverse group of disorders characterized by pulmonary opacities associated with granulomatous inflammation, a relatively nonspecific finding commonly encountered by pathologists. Some lesions may present a diagnostic challenge because of nonspecific imaging features; however, recognition of the various imaging manifestations of these disorders in conjunction with patients' clinical history, such as age, symptom onset and duration, immune status, and presence of asthma or cutaneous lesions, is imperative for narrowing the differential diagnosis and determining appropriate management of this rare group of disorders. In this pictorial review, we describe the pathologic findings of various non-infectious granulomatous lung diseases as well as the radiologic features and high-resolution computed tomography imaging features.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.306-313
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• 2007

The welding fume has been implicated as a causal agent in respiratory disease such as pneumoconiosis. The molecular mechanism by which welding fume induces toxicity in the lung is still unknown, but studies have focused on histological structure and indirect approach measuring the pulmonary damage markers. In the present study, gene expression profiles were analyzed in the lung of rats exposed by manual metal-arc stainless-steel (MMA-SS) welding fume for 30 days using Affymetrix GeneChip$^{(R)}$. Totally, 379 genes were identified as being either up- or down-regulated over 2-fold changes (P<0.01) in the lung of low- or high-dose group and were analyzed by using hierarchical clustering. We focused on genes involved in immune/inflammation responses were differentially regulated during lung injury induced by welding fume exposure. The information of these deregulated genes may contribute in elucidation of the inflammation mechanism during lung injury such as lung fibrosis.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.581-588
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• 2006

Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airway associated with increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of cough, wheezing, breathless, chest tightness. According the recent studies, repeated airway inflammation leads to structural changes so called 'airway remodeling' and associated with decreased pulmonary function. Airway remodeling begins form the early stage of asthma and the early diagnosis and management is very important to prevent airway remodeling. Medication for asthma can be classified into acute symptom reliever and chronic controller. Short acting beta2 agonist is a well-known reliever that reduced asthma symptoms within minutes. Controllers should be taken daily as a long-term basis to control airway inflammation. Inhaled corticosteroid(ICS) is the most effective controller in current use. However, in some patients ICS monotherapy is not sufficient to control asthma. In those cases, other medications such as long acting beta2 agonist, leukotriene modifier or sustained-release theophylline should be added to ICS, which called Add-on-Therapy. Combination inhaler devices are easy to use. Oral leukotriene modifier has a good compliance especially in children. Finally, as asthma is a chronic disease, the development of on-going partnership among health care professionals, the patients, and the patients' family is necessary for the effective management of asthma.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2018

Objective This study aimed to report an improvement of influenza virus infection managed with Sasang Constitutional Medicine in a Soeumin patient with thrombocytopenia and histories of acute myeloid leukemia and interstitial pulmonary disease. Methods The medical records of patient including vital signs, laboratory test, simple x-ray, and symptoms were reviewed retrospectively. Patient was treated with Gunggwihyangso-san gamibang without any antiviral agents under the diagnosis of Congestive Hyperpsychotic symptomatology of Kidney Heat-based Exterior Heat disease. Results At admission, symptoms of shivering, fever, cough and myalgia were presented and her skin temperature was over $39^{\circ}C$. Influenza A virus was detected and inflammation biomarkers were elevated. After administration of herb medication, her vital signs and symptoms were improved and elevated inflammation biomarkers were decreased. There was no secondary complication during the treatment period. Conclusions This case treated with Gunggwihyangso-san gamibang showed a significant improvement from viral infection without any complication.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2012

Platycodon grandiflorum is a medicinal herb that is used to treat pulmonary and respiratory allergic disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of ethyl acetate extract of Platycodon grandiflorum (PGEA) against inflammation and to discern the molecular mechanism of PGEA in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced signal pathways in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. PGEA suppressed the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible NO synthase induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells, and inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analysis showed that PGEA suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase and $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$ degradation. Inactivation of JNK and p38 was effectively alleviated by PGEA, which subsequently affected the activation of c-Jun and c-Fos, which are the essential components of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription complex. Taken together, the results indicate PGEA suppress the activation of p38, JNK, and AP-1, thereby inhibiting the generation of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which affect the regulation of inflammation. PGEA may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2006

폐실질에 존재하는 결핵종의 경우 정해진 기간동안 치료하면 크기가 감소하지 않더라도 치료를 종료하고 다시 조직검사를 시행하지 않는 경우가 일반적이어서 치료 중 결핵종 내의 조직 소견의 변화를 평가한 보고가 국내에서는 없는 실정이다. 이에 저자들은 세균학적 및 조직학적으로 확진된 종양형 기관지결핵에서 치료 중 반복적으로 기관지내시경 검사 및 조직검사를 시행하여 치료반응을 평가한 예로, 15개월 간의 치료에도 불구하고 육안적으로 종괴가 관찰되고 조직소견상 만성육아종성염증이 지속되었으나 치료 종료 후 자연적으로 기관지내 종괴가 소멸된 환자를 경험하였기에 이를 보고하는 바이다.