• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2008

Thirty two of bathroom water samples from public bathroom in Seoul areas were examined using acid-fast staining, Lowenstein-Jensen (L-J) medium culture and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In 6.25% (2/32) bathroom water samples, acid-fast bacilli were detected by AFB stain, and in 21.9% (7/32) bathroom water samples, acid fast bacilli grew on L-J media. Of them, six acid-fast bacilli were identified as Mycobacterium avium, and the other AFB as Mycobacterium szulgai by PCR-RFLP. These results are suggested that accidental nontuberculosis mycobacterial infection to a weakness person will be possible in public area.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2009

This research grasped the change of bathroom type, the present status for the residents' bathrooms, the level of satisfaction and preference for the residents' bathrooms, along with the plane of large-size apartment. This research aims to contribute to making the bathroom space to be able to satisfy the residents' desires. A total of 115 samples, acquired via internet survey, were analyzed with the statistical computer program SPSS PC+ 15.0 with the bathroom plane analysis. The results of this research are as follows. 1) As the results of the most representative plane, were divided into total 4 bathroom types, public bathrooms were $3.9-5.29m^2$ couple bathrooms were over than $3.17-8.3m^2$ in the average bathroom area, and there were two in less than $199m^2$ and even three in more than $199m^2$ in the number of bathrooms. 2) Three bathrooms were preferred by the residents who have three bathrooms now and by the younger generation though two bathrooms were preferred by most residents in the bathroom number. Most of the public bathrooms and couple bathrooms were considered to be proper in the bathroom area. 3) The preferred types were different according to each brand in the preference of the bathroom form. This means that to present a new plane figure including various bathroom forms is recommended in planning the bathroom space hereafter, that the bathroom spaces are changing. 4) In the bathroom environment, to present the technical solution through the study for the natural lighting and the sound arresting is required. This research hopes that the results of this research will be able to be used as the basic data to provide the bathroom space equipped with a pleasant environment condition to the residents.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.120-123
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• 2011

A total of 30 water samples were collected from 30 different public baths in Seoul, Korea. Contamination of public bath water by waterborne pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to increase background rates of disease. Pathogens in water was filtered by nitrocellulose membrane with $0.45{\mu}m$ pore size. The membrane filters were analyzed by both cultivation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of partial 16S rRNA gene. Various microorganisms including 4 Escherichia coli/Shigella spp. 1 Salmonella spp. 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 2 Mycobacterium spp. were identified by reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA). PCR-REBA was able to identify many bacterial genera in one assay. Our results suggest that appropriate hygiene practice and continuous monitoring is needed for reducing health risk associated with public bath houses.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.274-282
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate planning characteristics of common and living space in the dormitory buildings on campus in Chungcheong province. A document research method was used to analyze and classified into floor-plan, zoning and area. Also site visits were conducted at 8 dormitory buildings of 4 universities, and drawings were collected and compared for this research. The results of this study were as follows; 1)Most floor plans of public spaces had corridor types and integrated public space types. The typical floorplan of living space was 2person-1bedroom and apartment type which shared livingroom, bathroom, restroom and shower between bedrooms. The living space type of dormitory buildings was more complex and growth in size. Unit community combined 2-4person per 1bedroom in floor plan can help student with identity and affiliated formation. 2)The types of the spatial composition in public spaces were devided into three zones; study, living and administrative zones such as seminar room, public bathroom and storage, etc. This results shows that various types of public space for the improvement of community of small group has recently become more important than basic sanitary space in public space of dormitory buildings on campus.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.129-138
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• 1999

The aim of this study is to obtain new design factors which can be applied to the constructing design of bathrooms. This study was especially focused on the using patterns of the bathrooms of the rural apartment houses in Chungbuk Province which have been constructed by the public program to improve old farm houses. To carry out this study, field study, questionnaire survey and personal interview have been made. The results are as follows. 1) It is essential to lay out a bathtub, because farmers need to relieve their fatigue caused by manual labor, and mostly they don't find a bathhouse in the neighborhood. 2) With the drainage way, it is necessary to equip an apparatus to collect and remove the fallen hair and garbage which usually stop up the beak. 3) Considering the using patterns of the bathrooms as the place of washing one's face, foot, hair and clothes, one more hydrant is needed in the bathroom besides the two hydrants in the washstand and bathtub.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2011

The ventilation performance of a vertical exhaust duct system in the high riser public house has been evaluated by a commercial software, Fluid Flow, which solves pressure losses through the duct system including bathroom fans and a hybrid roof fan. During the numerical simulations, outdoor wind condition and stack effects in summer and winter were considered as well as the operating conditions of a basement damper and the roof fan. The results show that the bathroom ventilation in summer is the most unsatisfactory. The opening of the basement damper has a problem that the polluted air in the lower floors is exhausted to the underground parking lot, not to the rooftop. If the basement damper is closed, the exhaust flow rate in the lower floors is not sufficient due to the strong flow resistance in the long vertical duct even though the roof fan is under operating.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to suggest optimum guidelines apartment rooms by conducing survey among residence whose apartment floor size is between $66-198m^2$ and whose apartment is less than 3 years old. The effective numbers of survey questionnaire turned in was 226 and the survey analysis has been made by using of SPSS WIN 12.0. The results and conclusion of the studies are as follows; (1) $66{\sim}98m^2$ : The recommended numbers of bedroom is 2 and 3. The size of maser bedroom needs to be decreased whereas the size of living room be increased. (2) $99-131m^2$: The recommended numbers of bedroom is 3 and 4. The size of maser bedroom and maser bathroom needs to be decreased whereas the size of living room, 2nd bedroom, kitchen and dining room needs to be increased. (3) $132-164m^2$: The recommended numbers of bedroom is 3 and 4. The size of maser bedroom and bathroom needs to be decreased whereas the size of dress room, kitchen and dining room, and 2nd bedroom needs to be increased. (4) $165-197m^2$: The recommended numbers of bedroom is 3 and 4. The size of maser bedroom and maser bathroom needs to be decreased and the size of dressroom and kitchen /dinning room needs to be increased. (5) $198m^2$ and above: the recommended numbers of bedroom is 3,4 and 5. The size of dressroom needs to be increased. It is revealed that the number of bedroom doesn't need to be increased as the size of apartment is increased. Larger space is required for the public space for the family and dressroom. And smaller space is required for the maser bedroom and master bathroom.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to find out tendencies in the planning characteristics focused on the community, single building, shared spaces and interior concept of apartment houses in Daejeon City, and to analyze these characteristics according to apartment unit floor plan based upon the arrangement of room, the type of main entrance, the type of LDK, anbang, kitchen, bathroom and the 3rd space. This study used the content analysis method and analysis was made on drawings and descriptions showing planning characteristics of apartment houses. Above all, 34 cases of apartment houses and 159 unit plans were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The most important characteristics of the direction of housing development was the "well-being" concept including greenzone and natural environment. The most mentioned community spaces were children's playgrounds and parks. The emphasized interior concepts were noble, well-being and natural concepts. 2) The most prominent front arrangement type was the 3-bay unit plan, front space arrangement was focused on rooms and, livingroom. The most prominent front space arrangement types were R/L/R, R/L/R/R and there is a new tendency towards KD/L/R/R. 3) The most prominent LDK floor plans were of the LDK type. The type of "Anbang" arrangement consisted mainly of room-bathroom-dressing room. The type of public bathroom arrangement consisted mainly of bathtub-toilet-washbasin and the "Anbang" bathroom arrangement was shower-booth-toilet-washbasin.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2003

This project, conducted in Korea, sought to investigate the physical environment of 24 hurs child care centers in order to suggest desirable perspective on it. For this study, documentary research, interviews and survey methods were used. Materials of the 24 hurs child care center were reviewed. The interviews and survey were conducted in 25 public and private centers in Seoul, Busan, Ulsan and Jinju. Caregivers were surveyed children's daily living and regarding the evaluation of physical environment of kitchen, bathroom and restroom of the center. The result of the documentary review indicates that there need to be increased the number of the 24 hr child care centers with quality. Mostly, caregivers were satisfied with the physical indoor environment of the center. However, they wanted the sleeping room and bathroom with bathtub for 24 hurs caring children. This result would be helpful to create useful database for planning the 24 hrs child care center.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

This study is to clarify the actual condition of some characteristics of a public facilities and the space design of laube of Japanese 3-Kleingartens. The results of this paper is as follows: 1)There are basically all the public facility for maintenance in the kleingartens. B and C Kleingartens have the various public facilities to get the additional experience for members. 2) All the laube is a wood structure, the floor plans are all the same square types. The deck, terrace, and balcony were very useful facilities to agricultural works. 3)The basic rooms of all the laube are usual entry, storage, kitchen, dining, living, bathroom. The floor plan of A and B laube is planned by a closed kitchen, C laube is a living kitchen. The living room of B laube is a variable space, to separating or unity room possibly.