• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2005

Antimicrobial effects of the extracts from Castanea crenata leaf were investigated. The antimicrobial effects of methanol extract (8 mg, 20 mg) of 0.2 g and 0.5 g. eq. of Castanea crenata leaf was stronger than that of 0.65 mg of benzoic acid against Gram(+) bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Bacillus subtilig and Gram(-) bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth inhibition of various microorganisms was observed in Castanea crenata leaf, therefor the Castanea crenata leaf were solvent fractionated. The ethyl acetate-soluble acidic and phenolic fraction were showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against microorganisms tested. The acidic fraction was purified with silica gel adsorption column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and HPLC, subsequantly. The antimicrobial active substance isolated from the acid fraction of Castanea crenata leaf was characterized as stigmast-5-en-3-ol($\beta$-sitosterol) by MS and NMR analysis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.147-156
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• 2022

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections in different age groups, including children. Bacteria are the main etiological agents of UTIs. The aim of the present study was to isolate, identify, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from children with UTIs from Baghdad, Iraq. Three hundred and two urine samples were collected from children aged 6 months to 12 years. The samples were cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar. The selected colonies were subjected to biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility analysis using the Vitek^® 2 Compact automated microbial identification system. In this sample, 299 bacteria were identified, of which, 267 were gram-negative bacteria, and 32 were gram-positive bacteria. Escherichia coli (56%) was the most commonly isolated gram-negative bacteria, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14%), Enterobacter spp. (10.48%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.36%), Proteus spp. (7.8%), Acinetobacter baumannii (1.5%), and Morganella morganii (0.37%). Enterococcus faecalis (62.5%) was the most commonly detected gram-positive bacteria, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (37.5%). E. coli and P. aeruginosa were the most antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Among the tested antibiotics, meropenem showed 100% sensitivity, followed by imipenem (97.4%), amikacin (91.8%), and tobramycin (83.5%). In contrast, the high frequencies of resistance were observed with cefixime (93.2%), cefotaxime (78.7%), and ceftriaxone/cefotaxime (71.2%). In conclusion, carbapenems and aminoglycosides are highly recommended for the empirical treatment of UTIs, while, Quinolones, penicillins, and cephalosporins are not suggested. Frequent antibiotics susceptibility testing are warranted to determine the resistance pattern of UTI bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.574-578
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the antimicrobial effects of natural additives on pathogenic microorganisms in commercial chicken during storage. Chicken skin ($20cm^2$) inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium or Pseudomonas aeruginosa was treated with 2% natural additives, including chitosan, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and garlic, during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 12 days. A combination of the three natural additives significantly inhibited growth of S. Typhimurium compared to treatment with chitosan, EGCG or garlic alone (p<0.05). This combination also inhibited growth of P. aeruginosa compared to treatment with one or two of the natural additives (p<0.05). These results suggest that combined chitosan, EGCG, and garlic may be used as an antimicrobial agent in commercial chicken during refrigerated storage.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 2009

The fruits of sweet cherry are highly appreciated by the consumer due to their precocity and quality, such as their sweetness, color and sourness. In this study, the hot-water extract and its sequential organic solvent fractions were prepared from domestic Napoleon sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The hot-water extract contained about 40% sugars, and the solvent fraction yields for hexane, ethylacetate (EA), butanol, and water residue were 0.01%, 3.45%, 16.30%, and 80.24%, respectively. Contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid of the fractions were 1.24~5.24%, and 0~3.76%, respectively. Among the fractions, EA fraction showed the highest total polyphenol and total flavonoid concentrations. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the extract and fractions revealed that EA fraction and butanol fraction contained strong antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5~1.0 mg/mL. But the extract and fractions tested were not active to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a while, only hexane fraction showed anti-Candida activity with 0.5~1.0 mg/mL of MIC. The fraction showed strong activity against different multi-antibiotics resistant strains such as C. albicans CCARM 14020. Antioxidative activity assay showed that EA fraction has a strong DPPH scavenging activity and a reducing power. The $IC_{50}s$ of vitamin E and EA fraction were 15.5 and $195.5\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Our results suggest that the fruit of P. avium L. has high potentials with anti-Candida and antioxidative activity.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 1995

토마토의 엽권에서 분리한 Fusariym graminearum이 분비하는 물질은 벼 도열병균(Pyricularia oryzae)의 여러 종의 식물병원 진균에 대한 항균활성을 나타내었으며, 이러한 활성물질을 PDA에서 본 균을 배양 한 후 chloroform으로 추출하여 분리정제 하였다. HPLC에 의하여 5종류의 활성 물질을 분획하였으며, 그중 1번(F402) 화합물을 벼 도열병균(P. oryzae)을 포함한 22개 식물 병원 진균에 대하여 살균 활성범위를 조사한 결과, 이 화합물은 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml 농도에서 Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum은 전혀 억제하지 못하였으며, Phytophthora spp., Cladosporium fulvum, Fusarium spp., Corynespora cassicola에는 어느 정도의 활성이 있었지만 낮게 나타났고, P. oryzae, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Alternaria solani는 100% 억제하여 활성이 높게 나타났다. 또한 장내 세균에 대한 활성을 MIC로 비교할 때 Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecium에 대하여는 각각 12.5, 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml였고 Staphylococcus aureus는 25-50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml으로 나타났으며, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae에서는 100$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml 이상으로 활성이 나타나지 않았다. F402를 200$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml의 농도로 직접 살포한 식물체에서의 방제효과는 벼도열병, 벼 깨씨무늬병, 보리 흰 가루병에 대하여는 80%이상이었으나, 벼 잎집무늬마름병, 오이 잿빛곰팡이병, 토마토 역병, 밀 녹병에서는 낮았다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.143-147
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• 1996

LB20304 is a novel fluoroquinolone that exhibits a potent broad spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positve and gram-negative bacteria. The MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) of LB20304 were determined against both gram-positve and gram-negative bacteria under various conditions including several media, pHs, and inoculum concentrations. The in vitro activity of LB20304 was not significantly affected by the changes in testing conditions such as components of media and inoculum concentrations, but it was slightly reduced by acid condition. The MICs and MBCs (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration) of LB20304 against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were hardly affected by the presence of 50 % human serum, mouse serum, guinea pig serum or horse serum, and the MBCs were equal to or at most four-times higher than the MiCs. The activities of LB20304 were decreased by the presence of high concentraion of $Mg^{++}$ or human urine (pH, 5.5) in the test media. The frequencies of mutants resistant to LB20304 were similar to or lower than those found in ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.506-515
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• 2007

Background: Nosocomial pneumonia in an intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with a high mortality rate. Diagnosing a respiratory tract infection in critically ill patients is still difficult but detailed information for the pathogens is needed to establish an adequate antimicrobial treatment. This study examined the causative organisms and their antimicrobial resistance using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients suspected of having pneumonia in the ICU. Methods: From January 2004 to June 2006, ICU patients with diffuse lung infiltration were prospectively enrolled. The BAL was used to diagnose the respiratory infection, with 104 > or = organisms considered a positive result. The most common organisms and their antimicrobial resistances were analyzed from the quantitative BAL cultures in the burn ICU and non-burn ICU. Results: A total 72 patients were included, 35 (M 29, F 6) in the burn ICU and 37 (M 26, F 11) in the non-burn ICU. 27 patients (77.1%) in the burn ICU and 22 patients (59.5%) in the non-burn ICU met the criteria for a positive BAL culture. The major pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains (100%) of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from BAL (9 cases) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) in the burn ICU, but 5 strains (71.4%, 7 cases) were MRSA in the non-burn ICU. Regarding Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the rate of resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, imipenem, ceftazidime, piperacillin/tazobactam in the burn and non-burn ICU ranged from 45.5% to 90% and 25% to 50%, respectively. In addition, the rate of resistance of Acinetobacter species to the above drugs in the burn and non-burn ICU ranged from 81.8% to 100% and 62.5% to 100%, respectively. Conclusions: These results are expected to provide useful guidelines for choosing the effective empirical antimicrobial therapy in patients with lung infiltrations in the burn and non-burn ICU.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.590-593
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• 2011

Purpose: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the third most frequently reported nosocomial infection. Of these SSIs, mostly were confined to the incision associated with underlying disease as diabetes, cigarette smoking, systemic steroid use, obesity, operating room environment, suture and surgical technique. This study has been planned to reduce the SSIs by using Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ (Ethicon, USA) which contains triclosan, a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, into the infected wound to evaluate whether or not Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ (Ethicon, USA) is effective to nosocomial bacteria using a zone of inhibition assay. Methods: We did a comparison of Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ suture (with triclosan) size 2-0, 5-0 with $Vicryl^{(R)}$ suture (without triclosan) size 4-0 each as treatment and control group, applied in Mueller-Hinton agar infected by following mircroorganisms: Methicillin-sensitive $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (MSSA), Methicillin-resistant $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$ (MRSA), Acinetobacter baumanii, $Escherichia$ $coli$, Enterobacter faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans. Cultures were made of the selected mircroorganisms, seeding the study strain in agar plates for 24 and 48-hour period in an oven at $37^{\circ}C$ followed by zone of inhibition assay. Results: Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ group has demonstrated to create a zone of inhibition against MRSA, MSSA and $A.$ $baumanii$, but no effect on $E.$ $faecalis$, $P.$ $aeruginosa$, $C.$ $albicans$. Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ suture size 2-0 also had antibactericidal effect while Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ suture size 5-0 did not. $Vicryl^{(R)}$ group had no zones of inhibition showing colonization at all mircroorganisms. Conclusion: Our results seem to warrant the use of Vicryl $plus^{(R)}$ as absorbable buried suture when concerning SSIs as a prophylaxis against surgical nosocomial infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to determine which factors are related to perforated appendicitis. We also conducted a survey to identify the causative organism. Methods: From January 2011 to December 2014, 569 pediatric patients (322 male) younger than 19 years old who underwent an appendectomy due to acute appendicitis at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital were enrolled. Patients' medical records were reviewed retrospectively to determine their clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging results, and pathogens. Results: About 127 patients (22%) had perforated appendicitis. The rate of perforated appendicitis in preschool, late childhood, and adolescent ages were 50%, 27%, and 16.8%, respectively. The risk factors of perforation were high C-reactive protein levels and the presence of appendiceal fecalith (P<0.001). Of the 24 samples of peritoneal fluid and periappendiceal pus that were collected intraoperatively, 16 were culture positive. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (n=10), and others were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Conclusions: The perforation rate of appendicitis among patients younger than 5 years old was 50%, and this decreased in proportion with age. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of perforation when patients with appendicitis have high C-reactive protein levels or the presence of appendiceal fecalith on imaging.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.29-48
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• 2021

Objectives: Banchong-san (BCS) is a herbal formula composed of 13 korean medicinal herbs and is traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases and pain. The object of this study was to research the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antimicrobial effects of the BCS in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods: In this experiment, effects of BCS on the following four were measured as follows: (1) Anti-oxidative effects were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) Radical scavenging activity. (2) Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by the production amount of Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nitric oxide (NO), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)(the previous two are "mRNA"), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (IκBα), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (the previous five are "Protein") in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. (3)Antipruritic effects were evaluated by the production amount of histamine, Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), LeukotrieneC4 (LTC4) Levels in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(PMA)/ionomycin-stimulated MC/9 mast cell. (4) Anti-microbial effects were evaluated by the growth suppression of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger. Results: The following results were obtained through each measurement: (1) DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity, ABTS Radical Scavenging Activity evoked a significant concentration-dependent increase. (2) ROS, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE₂ production amount, iNOS, COX-2 mRNA expression were significantly reduced in the BCS extraction group compared with the control group and significantly decreased the amount of ERK, JNK, p38, NF-κB Protein expression. The amount of IκB-α Protein Expression have increased significantly. (3) The amounts of histamine, LTB4, LTC4 were significantly decreased. (4) The antibacterial efficacy, BCS inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa at concentrations of 5 ㎍/ml, but did not suppress the growth of staphylococcus aureus and aspergillus niger. Conclusions: The experimental results show that BCS has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antimicrobial properties.