• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.187-197
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• 2009

This paper presents a systematic approach for estimating fragility curves and damage probability matrices for different frequencies. Fragility curves and damage probability indicate the probabilities that a structure will sustain different degrees of damage at different ground motion levels. The seismic damages are to achieved by probabilistic evaluation because of uncertainty of earthquakes. In contrast to previous approaches, this paper presents a method that is based on nonlinear dynamic analysis of the structure using empirical data. This paper presents the probability of damage as a function of peak ground acceleration and estimates the probability of five damage levels for prestressed concrete (PSC) bridge pier subjected to given ground acceleration. At each level, 100 artificial earthquake motions were generated in terms of soil conditions, and nonlinear time domain analyses was performed for the damage states of PSC bridge pier structures. These damage states are described by displacement ductility resulting from seismic performance based on existing research results. Using the damage states and ground motion parameters, five fragility curves for PSC bridge pier with five types of dominant frequencies were constructed assuming a log-normal distribution. The effect of dominant frequences was found to be significant on fragility curves.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2013

This study examines the effects on fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), and normal individual rate after artificial fertilization using frozen thawed sperm according to the cryoprotectant (DMSO) concentration and the period of cryopreserved sperm of longtooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus. Performing artificial fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm, after freezing the sperm at different DMSO concentration of 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% respectively, FR were (DMSO 5.0%: $99.5{\pm}0.8%$, DMSO 7.5%: $99.5{\pm}0.7%$, and DMSO 10.0%: $99.6{\pm}0.6%$). The results are not significantly different from the control fresh sperm (100%). HR also (DMSO 5.0%: $96.2{\pm}2.3%$, DMSO 7.5%: $95.3{\pm}3.6%$, 10.0%: $96.6{\pm}1.8%$) were not significantly different in each group. The normal individual rate after hatching using with control fresh sperm ($98.4%{\pm}0.5$) and DMSO concentration level of 5.0% ($97.8{\pm}0.1%$) were not significantly different. However, with 7.5% ($97.2{\pm}0.6%$) and 10.0% DMSO concentrations ($95.9{\pm}0.2%$) are lower than the normal individual rate after hatching observed in the control and 5.0% DMSO. Performing artificial fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm at different frozen period (2 days, 2 years, and 3 years), 10% DMSO FR and HR of 3 years (FR; $66.8{\pm}1.8%$, HR: $82.0{\pm}12.9%$) and 2 years (FR; $78.5{\pm}14.8%$, HR: $79.3{\pm}0.6%$) cryopreserved sperm were lower than control (FR; 100%, HR: $91.1{\pm}3.6%$) and 2 days cryopreserved sperm (FR; $99.6{\pm}0.6%$, HR: $96.6{\pm}1.8%$). These results suggest suitable DMSO concentration ranges of cryopreservation sperm for E. bruneus is 5 to 10% and with 2 to 3 years cryopreservation period, cryopreservation sperm can be useful for seed production.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 1981

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of application of several soil amendment materials to an alluvial sandy soil on the rice growth and yield during the 1979. The materials used were the combinations of rice straw, rice hull, silicate fertilizer, red earth and zeolite. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The application of soil amendment materials considerably increased the number of tillers, plant height and dry matter of rice plant. Particularly, the zeolite treated plot resulted in much better growth in the late stage rather than in the early stage. 2. The plots treated with silicate fertilizer, rice hull and zeolite significantly increased the rice yield and so did those with red earth statistically at 5 % level. However, it was not significant with rice straw. 3. By the application of these materials, the silica content in rice plant was continuously increased untill the heading stage, the nitrogen content was high at the maximum tillering stage and the panicle initiating stage and the phosphorus content was high at panicle initiating stage, which were censidered to be the factors of yield increase. However, in the straw treated plot, the contents of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were high, while the silica content was low in rice plant. 4. Further, soil pH, C. E. C., content s of organic matter and silicate in soil treated with those materials were increased after experiment. compared with in the soil before experiment.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.27-38
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• 2006

Recently, in each local self-governments Japan, the importation of universal design policy is actively being expanded as a plan to maximize living satisfaction of.citizens within the region. This research investigates the background on how the local self-governments ended up importing the universal design administrative policy, investigates the policies which each self governing bodies have been promoting and presents necessary stipulations following those policies. When we sum up the necessity of promoting universal design by local self-governments, although the we carry various problems in the promoting process in the settlement of provincial era and promoting substantiality of it, we can point out the low birth rate phenomenon, progression of aged people's society, diversification of values as a result of social and economic maturity, etc. as social and economic background. For people's values, as they escape from the economic they attach great importance to economic supremacy, they respect culture, environment, etc. with higher level than economic aspect and the improvement of life's quality is becoming important. Meanwhile, the universal design which is known to many users as a usable design concept as reach to a point where it is getting attention as a basic concept of 21st century design. Today, each of local self-governments in Japan are making various efforts for unperturbed importation and application of universal design to local communities through homepage, universal design guideline or report, various workshops, etc. Especially, there are universal design policies of public areas, facilities, manufacture of other products and information for the contents of the policy. The enforcement of universal design policy puts importance in 1) the process of planning, alteration, policy scheme and decision making 2) the process of policy's enforcement 3) the probation process of all processes and I could find out that equal participation of roles by local citizens, citizen's organizations, companies with the administration hasn't been adopted for each of these processes.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.16 no.5 s.83
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• pp.581-589
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• 2004

This paper compares the fatigue behaviors of concretes subjected to flexural and split-tensional loadings, and proposes the fatigue reliability models based on experimental results and reliability analysis. The fatigue tests were performed for the specimens of $150 mm{\times}75 mm$ split tensional cylinders and $150 mm{\times}150 mm{\times}550 mm$ flexural beams under constant loadings at three levels (70, 80 and $90\%$) with 0.1 stress ratio, 20 Hz loading speed and sine wave. The reliability analysis on fatigue data was based on Weibull distribution of two-parameters. From fatigue test results, two criteria were proposed to reject the experimental fatigue data because of statistical variation of concrete fatigue data. Two parameters ($\alpha$and u) of Weibull distribution were obtained using graphical method, moment method and maximum likelihood method. The probability density function(P.D.F) and cumulative distribution function(C.D.F) of the Weibull distribution for fatigue life of pavement concrete were derived for various stress levels using parameters, $\alpha$ and u. The goodness-of-fit test by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was acceptable at $5\%$ level of significance. Based on reliability analysis, a fatigue model for pavement concrete was proposed and compared from existing models.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2011

The objective of this research was to examine the effects of lumber stabilization exercise and a general physiotherapy program for caregivers with chronic low back pain. Sixteen people participated in this study and were randomly assigned to two groups for either lumbar stabilization exercise or for general physiotherapy, respectively. The experiment was performed for eight weeks. To examine the general as well as the medical characteristics of the participants, the following measurements were used: Visual Analogue Scale (VAS); Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); Back Performance Scale (BPS); Roland - Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ); and Beck Depression Index (BDI). To compare the general and medical characteristics of the participants in the two groups, an independent t test were used. During the experiment, a paired t test was conducted to determine whether there was a significant difference in the values of VAS, ODI, BPS, RMDQ, and BDI before and after the experiment. To examine the difference in the VAS, ODI, BPS, RMDQ, and BDI values in the two groups, ANCOVA was used with pre test values as a covariate. According to the test results, in the lumbar stabilization exercise group, the VAS, ODI, BPS, RMDQ, and BDI values showed a statistically significant difference before and after the test (p<.05). In comparison, in the general physiotherapy program group, only the ODI and BPS values showed a statistically significant level of improvement. Regarding the degree of improvement, participants in the lumbar stabilization exercise group showed statistically significant progress compared to those in the general physiotherapy group. In summary, lumbar stabilization exercise is regarded as more effective than general physiotherapy for treating caregivers with chronic low back pain. In future studies, it will be useful to expand the research and to examine the long term effects of lumbar stabilization exercise on workers.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary seleno-yeast on histological response in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish averaging $4.0{\pm}0.1g$ (mean ${\pm}$ SD) were fed one of the four semi-purified diets containing 0.56, 1.07, 2.86 and 4.56 mg Selenoyeast/kg diet ($Se_{0.56}$, $Se_{1.07}$, $Se_{2.86}$ and $Se_{4.56}$, respectively) in triplicates for 12 weeks. Swelling of blood cell in glomerulus, the rupture of some epithelial cell in the renal tubules and enlarged macrophage were observed in the $Se_{1.07}$ group. The hepatopancreas had hepatic cell, capillary and zymogen in the pancreas and was normal in the $Se_{0.56}$ group. Swelling of hepatocyte gradually decreased with increase in selenoyeast supplementation. The gill lamellae showed partial abnormal condition (terminal clubbing) in the $Se_{0.56}$ group, but there were little differences between these and other treatments. These results indicated that the optimum dietary supplementation level of selenoyeast in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, could be less than 1.07 mg selenoyeast/kg diet based on histological responses of the fish.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.509-515
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the kinetics of cyclohexane metabolites (the biomarker on cyclohexane exposure), the changes of hepatic cyclohexane metabolizing enzyme activities and the metabolites of cyclohexane in urine or serum. The rats were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr after administration of one dose of cyclohexane (1.56 g/kg body weight, i.p.). The metabolites of cyclohexane in urine were identified as cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, trans-l,2-cyclohexanediol and 1,4-cyclohexanediol with cyclohexane metabolite being 124.00, 0.78, 23.28 and 2.75 (g/g of creatinine, $1\times10^{-3}$). Most of the cyclohexanol and trans-l,2-cyclohexanediol were determined to be in the form of $\beta-glucuronide$ conjugates, whereas cyclohexanone and 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol were found as free forms. In toxicokinetics of serum cyclohexane metabolites, cyclohexanol showed a rapid increase, reaching the plateau at 4 hr, after this time rapidly decreased throughout 24 hr. Changes of cyclohexanone also showed the similar pattern with cyclohexanol except somewhat lower concentration. Trans-l,2-cyclohexanediol, however, showed a gradual increase until 12 hr with the continued same levels throughout 24 hr. On the other hand, 1,4-cyclohexanediol was detected as trace levels at 4 and 12 hr, respectively. The administration of cyclohexane led to a significant increase of hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity from 2 to 8 hr. The activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase showed a significant increase at 4 hr and then were recovered to the level of the control at 24 hr. On the other hand, there were no differences in liver weightlbody weight between the control and cyclohexane-treated animals. However, there were the changes of aniline hydroxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities on time-dependent pattern after cyclohexane treatment, which influence on the degree of cyclohexane metabolites both in blood and urine. These results suggest that differential determination of cyclohexane metabolites in urine and serum may be able to be as a biomarker of cyclohexane-exposure in the body. But in this fields further study is needed.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.63-88
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• 1990

The vegetation of Mt. Joghesan of a provincial park in Cheolanamdo was surveyed over twenty times from July, 1980 to December, 1981. The plants of Mt. Jonghesan consisted of 10 forma, 107 varieties, 597 species, 424 genera and 122 families, and among them were 204 species of esculent plants, 199 species of medicina plants and 30 species of the others oil plants and fiber plants. Evergreen herbs consisted of 12 species, including Coniogramme intermedia, Asplenium sarelii, and Asplenium incisum etc. And Evergreen broad-leaved trees consisted of 22 species, including Thea sinensis, Sasa borealis, and Quercus acuta etc. And evergreen needle-leaved trees consisted of 15 species, including Torreya nacitora, Pinus densiflora, Sciadopitys japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa etc. The community of broad-leaved consisted of Quercus spp, Carpinus laxiflora, Sasa borealis, including leading dominant species of Lespedeza maximowiczii, Viburnum erosum, Fraxius rhynchophylla, Viburnum dilatum, Rhus trichocarpa, Zelkova serrata, Miscanthus sinensis, Eragrostis ferrugina, Carex augustinowiczii persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme, Vicia amoena, Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis, and Aster yomena etc. The vegetation of Seunamsa areas in Mt. Joghesan was favorable but the vegetations of the other areas in the mountain were negligible. The vegetation of Koolmokchi areas which had been much destroyed by forest fires was mostly covered with Quercus spp which are resistant to forest fires. Lindera sericea, Alangium platanifolium var. macrophyllum, Ilex macropoda, Corylopsis coreana, Albizzia julibrssin of old trees, Acer mono, the community of Thea sinensis, Stewartca koreana, Cornus alba, Dryopteris bisstiana, Asplenium incisum, Camptosorus, Lepisorus thunbergianus, gastrodia elata, Cymbidium goeringii, and the community of Persicaria filiforme var. neofiliforme etc. in Mt. Jonhesan are autochthonous flora, and their preservation is required. As the Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Joghesan which was hewn down by human power has not been restored, Jeopchi areas and Koolmokchi areas in Mt. Joghesan have no Pinnus densiflora trees 700m above the sea level.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.497-504
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• 2000

To document that effects of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO) and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ on full-thickness skin grafts in rat, we performed full-thickness skin grafts bilaterally on each rats. The HBO-treated rats were received HBO twice daily for 90 minutes at 2 ATA. Surgical control rats were not treated with HBO. ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ treated rats were received the agent via oral gastric tube daily for 3 days preoperative and a fourth dose 1 to 2 hours postoperative. HBO plus ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ treated rats were received HBO and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ as mentioned above. Biopsy specimens were taken from each rat at the time of grafting and on days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28, then were processed for tissue-concentration of total glutathione(GSHt), oxidized/reduced glutathione level, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance(TBARS) levels. The percentage of viable graft on day 10 ranged from 67 to 93%, and was not significantly different among the each other groups. The percentage of viable graft were, however, higher in HBO plus ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ treated rats(78.6%) than in HBO alone treated rats(59.1%), ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ alone treated rats(66.7%) and surgical control rats(58.2%). TBARS concentration had a significant increase from preoperative concentration at day 2, and peak concentration at day 4(p<0.01). Concentration then decreased to preoperative concentration at day 28. GSHt concentration of free skin graft had a similar patteren of change in four groups and decreased significantly from preoperative concentration at day 2, returning to preoperative concentration by day 7(surgical control, HBO-treated, and ${\alpha}-tocopherol-treated$, alone) and 28(HBO plus ${\alpha}-tocopherol-treated$). Percentage of the concentration of reduced glutathione decreased in surgical control, HBO-treated and, ${\alpha}-tocopherol-treated$(p<0.05), and HBO plus ${\alpha}-tocopherol-treared$(p<0.01) on day 7 after surgery, whereas the concentration of oxidized increased significantly in HBO-treated(p<0.05), ${\alpha}-tocopherol-treated$(p<0.05), and HBO plus ${\alpha}-tocopherol-treated$(p<0.01).