• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.527-539
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics as an alternative for antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in growing piglets. A total of 96 piglets ($22.5{\pm}1.3$kg average body weight) were allotted to 3 different treatment groups and replicated 4 times with 8 piglets per replicate in randomized complete block design. Treatments were T1) (Control, basal diet+0.2% antibiotics), T2) 0.2% probiotics complex and T3) 0.3% Bacillus probiotics. During the whole experiment period, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency. However, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and crude ash were showed higher in probiotics groups (T2 and T3) than those of control. In noxious gas emission, ammonia, amine, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in T2 and T3 treatments compared to those in control. Moisture content of feces was not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in feces were significantly different among treatments. The CFU of total bacteria, E. coli and thermoduric bacteria in T3 treatment were reduced by feeding probiotics B. From this study, we suggest that probiotics A and B are likely able to improve the growth performance and nutrients digestibility, reduce noxious gas emission and change the fecal microbial composition in growing piglets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 2019

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly used as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of NIRS, applied to imported forage, to estimate the moisture and chemical parameters for imported hays. A population of 392 imported hay representing a wide range in chemical parameters was used in this study. Samples of forage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range 680-2500nm and the optical data was recorded as log 1/Reflectance(log 1/R), which scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares(PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with spectral math treatments to reduced the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation(R²) and the lowest standard error of cross-validation(SECV). The results of this study showed that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy. The R² and SECV for imported hay calibration were 0.92(SECV 0.61%) for moisture, 0.98(SECV 0.65%) for acid detergent fiber, 0.97(SECV 0.40%) for neutral detergent fiber, 0.99(SECV 0.06%) for crude protein and 0.97(SECV 3.04%) for relative feed value on a dry matter(%), respectively. Results of this experiment showed the possibility of NIRS method to predict the moisture and chemical composition of imported hay in Korea for routine analysis method to evaluate the feed value.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2009

The marine microalga Spirulina maxima was extracted using water or ethanol at 100 or $80^{\circ}C$ and by ultrasonification in water at $60^{\circ}C$. The ultrasonification technique generated the highest yield (19.8%). To be therapeutically useful, the extraction should yield a product with low cytotoxicity and high immunity against skin infections. The cytotoxicity of all extracts (1.0 mg/mL) was below 25%. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the extract generated by ultrasonification was 5%. Extracts prepared in the described manners could inhibit hyaluronidase activity by up to 40% compared to the control. Increased growth of human B, T and NK cells and an increase in cytokine secretion were observed, confirming the interrelationship between both human immune and skin immune activity. The extract prepared by ultrasonification increased the growth of human B, T and NK cells up to $10.3{\times}10^4$ cells/mL, $11.3{\times}10^4$ cells/mL and $19.1{\times}10^4$ cells/mL, respectively. The extract prepared by ultrasonification also greatly increased the secretion of both IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Moreover, it was estimated that protein, Na and leucine occupy a high ratio. Accordingly, this study has confirmed that extracts prepared as described have the potential to effectively increase skin immunity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.796-804
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• 2011

Microglia are central nervous system (CNS)-resident professional macrophages that function as the principal immune cells responding to pathological stimulations in the CNS. Activation of microglia, induced by various pathogens, protects neurons and maintains homeostasis in the CNS, but severe activation causes inflammatory responses secreting various neurotoxic molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Allium fistulosum, a member of the onion family, is mainly cultivated for consumption, as well as medicinal use in Oriental medicine. It has been reported that A. fistulosum has various biological effects such as anti-oxidant, anti-platelet aggregation, anti-fungus and anti-cholesterol synthesis, however there has been no research about the anti-inflammatory effects of A. fistulosum extracts. In this study, it was undertaken to explore the functions of A. fistulosum as a suppressor of neuronal inflammation by using BV2 microglia cells. As a result, it was found that four kinds of extracts of A. fistulosum effectively reduced the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both mRNA and protein levels, and also attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at the mRNA level in BV2 stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the extracts of A. fistulosum attenuated the release of NO markedly, as well as resulting in slight decreases of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 production, the effects of which were most significant when treated with ethyl alcohol extract from the whole A. fistulosum. In conclusion, the data indicated that the anti-inflammatory actions of A. fistulosum against BV2 microglia cells is through the down-regulation of iNOS, COX2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, and these effects are expected to help in the protection of nerve tissues by suppressions of neuronal inflammation in various neurodegenerative diseases.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.659-668
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of marbling scores on carcass grade factors, physico-chemical and sensory traits of Hanwoo. Data used in this study were collected from 73,316 carcasses obtained at the Nonghyup Seoul slaughterhouse in 2009 and 271 cuts of M. longissimusdorsi were analyzed to estimate beef qualities. As the marbling scores increased, backfat thickness was linearly increased (p<0.05) in cows (9.51 mm-14.69 mm) and steers (8.71 mm-14.23 mm). As the marbling scores increased, maturity of cows was increased and meat color, texture and quality grade improved for all genders. With increase of the marbling scores, crude fat contents (3.07%-26.70%), water holding capacity (52.09%-58.66%), $L^*$ value (34.08-41.97) were significantly increased (p<0.05) and Warner-Bratzler shear force was linearly decreased (p<0.05) from 8.58 kg to 2.60 kg. The increase of crude fat contents had the similar interval with the increase of marbling scores from 1 to 6 but it is sharply increased from marbling score 7. There was no difference observed on $pH_{24}$ (5.50-5.66), protein contents (19.57%-21.15%) among the marbling scores. Marbling score was significantly correlated with live weight (r=0.29) in cows, loineye area (r=0.35) in steer, and overall acceptability of panel scores (r=0.67) (p<0.01).

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.220-228
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the preblending effect of curing agents on the characteristics of mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM), including the pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), and stability under refrigeration conditions. MDCM was preblended with different curing agents [NaCl, 0.75 or 1.5%; sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), 0.25 or 0.5%; ascorbic acid, 250 or 500 ppm; sodium nitrite, 75 or 150 ppm] and were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ overnight. The preblending of NaCl was found to have improved the WHC and emulsion stability; STPP was found to have improved the pH, WHC, and emulsion stability; and ascorbic acid or sodium nitrite did not affect the pH, WHC, and emulsion stability. The addition of ascorbic acid or sodium nitrite, however, decreased the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values of the preblended MDCM through the antioxidizing properties. The mixing effects of different curing agents on MDCM were also evaluated with nine different conditions. Among the treatments, the mixture of NaCl and STPP improved the WHC and emulsion stability due to the increased solubility of salt-soluble protein in the preblended MDCM. The mixture of NaCl, STPP, and ascorbic acid increased the pH, WHC, and emulsion stability, but the mixture of NaCl, STPP, ascorbic acid, and sodium nitrite improved the WHC, emulsion stability, and redness of the surface color with improved storage stability due to the decreased VBN and TBA values. As a result, the mixture of 1.5% NaCl, 0.5% STPP, 500 ppm ascorbic acid, and 75 ppm sodium nitrite showed the best properties as curing agents for MDCM preblending.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.178-185
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• 2008

Purpose : Our aim was to investigate the predictive factors for detecting grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in young infants less than 3 months with urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods : Data of infants who underwent ultrasonography and VCUG between January 2004 and September 2007 were reviewed. Age, gender, incidence of bacteremia, C-reactive protein(CRP) and imaging studies were compared between group I(grade III-V VUR) and group II (normal or grade I and II VUR) retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, odds ratio, and likelihood ratio of ultrasonography for high grade VUR were evaluated. Results : Among 54 enrolled infants(41 males, 13 females), 14 infants were group I and 40 infants were group II. In the group I, CRP level was significantly higher(6.11$\pm$5.18 vs. 3.27$\pm$3.45, P=0.025), and there were more ultrasonographic abnormal findings(71.4%, vs. 22.5%, P=0.002) compared with group II. However, ultrasonography was the only significant factor after adjusting with logistic regression(P=0.002). Incidence of bacteremia and abnormal DMSA findings were not significantly different in two groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and odds ratio of ultrasonography was 71.4%, 77.5%, 6.9 respectively. Negative predictive value was 88.6% and negative likelihood ratio was 0.37. Ultrasonography had significant negative likelihood ratio for grade III-V VUR, but missed 4 infants with grade III VUR. Conclusion : We could not find any alternative predictive factors to reduce VCUG in detecting high grade VUR. Therefore, VCUG must be considered in young infants less than 3 months with UTI.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.547-561
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• 2015

Objectives In this study, we divided Korean asthma patients into excess syndrome or deficiency syndrome groups according to clinical phenotype. Genetic analysis was conducted to investigate the association of exonic SNPs in the CD46 gene polymorphism with the clinical phenotype based on the differentiation syndrome of the bronchial asthma patients.Methods There were 95 healthy patients (control group) and 53 asthma patients. (The deficiency syndrome group included 24 and the excess syndrome group 29). We searched the exonic areas of the CD46 gene in the NCBI website SNPs with <0.01 minor allele frequency (MAF) and <0.01 heterozygosity. We finally selected two SNPs: rs138843816, Ser13Phe and rs7144, 3’-UTR. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated using SNPStats.Results There were significant differences in the codominant 1 model and the dominant model between the healthy group and the asthma group. There were significant differences between deficiency syndrome group and the excess syndrome group in the genotype frequencies and in the codominant 1 model, the dominant model, and the log-additive model. The allele frequency of rs7144C showed a significant difference between the deficiency syndrome group and the excess syndrome group. Two-SNP haplotype analysis showed a significant difference in frequency in the deficiency syndrome group and in the excess syndrome group. There were significant differences between the healthy group and the excess syndrome group in the codominant 1 model, the dominant model, and the log-additive model. The frequency of the rs7144 C allele exhibited a significant difference in the demonstration. SNP haplotype analysis between the healthy group and the excess syndrome group showed a significant difference in the frequency of the CT haplotype and the CC haplotype.Conclusions The results indicate that two CD46 SNPs (rs138843816, Ser13Phe and rs7144, 3′–UTR) might be associated with the symptomatic excess syndrome in Korean asthma patients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2018

Purpose: Disorders of organic acid metabolism have various clinical manifestations and it may be life-threatening. The prognoses of affected children are dependent on early diagnosis and treatment. We report this study to find out detection rate of referred samples, clinical manifestations and age distribution after introduction of neonatal screening test using tandem mass spectrometry in Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital during 8 years and 9 months. Methods: The 2,794 patients referred from Jan. 2007 to Sep. 2015 were divided into four groups according to age. We conducted organic acid analysis of urine samples of patients and analyzed clinical manifestations and distributions of age at the diagnosis. For patients with ambiguous results, reanalysis of urine organic acid after diet restriction, protein loading and restriction, has been done. Results: A total of 626 patients with 20 disorders were diagnosed. Mitochondrial disorders (482 patients) were the most common diagnosis, followed by ketolytic defects (67), 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (32), EPEMA syndrome (8), 3-methylcrotonyl glycinuria (7), glutaric aciduria type II (6) and type I (4), methylmalonic aciduria (3), isovaleric aciduria (3) and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (3). Conclusion: As neonatal screening test using tandem mass spectrometry is increasingly common and medical environment is changed, detection rate of disorders of organic acid metabolism in this study has decreased compared to previous report. Because the deterioration can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment, many pediatricians have to pay special attention to possibility of the disorders and make an effort for early diagnosis in clinical setting.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2008

This study evaluated the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of vanilla ice cream treated with gamma irradiation. The general composition of the vanilla ice cream used for the study was 45.4-53.3% moisture, 5.5-5.9% fat and 3.9-4.1% protein, and these values did not change following gamma irradiation. The Hunter L, a and b values were slightly decreased following gamma irradiation. The fatty acid composition of the ice cream included caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid, and there was no detectable change following irradiation. There was no significant difference in TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values between non-irradiated and irradiated samples at a dose of 3 kGy or less (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation indicated that gamma-irradiated vanilla ice cream did not show any difference in color relative to non-irradiated ice cream. However, gamma irradiation did affect the flavor, taste and overall acceptability of ice cream at doses above 3 kGy. These results indicate that gamma irradiation at 3 kGy is an effective treatment for sustaining the physicochemical characteristics of vanilla ice cream with minimal changes in sensory characteristics, though further studies should be carried out to reduce the deterioration of sensory qualities induced by gamma irradiation.