• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 1998

The possibility of using rice gruel compared to that of the cane molasses as a source of readily fermentable energy for a urea supplemented straw diet has been studied. Twelve native growing bulls of $237{\pm}8.7kg $ live weight and months old were randomly allocated to three treatments fed solely rice straw enriched with : (1) 3% urea (US), (2) 3% urea + 15% molasses (UMS) and (3) 3% urea + 30% rice gruel (UGS). The feeding trial continued for sixty days. Organic matter (OM) intake was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the UMS ( $64g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) followed by UGS ($53g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) and US ($49g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$). Estimated (from digestible OM intake) metabolizable energy (ME) intake were 396, 348 and $301kJ/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$ for UMS, UGS and US respectively. The maintenance (i.e., no change in live weight) ME intake calculated to be $308{\pm}7.4kJ/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Urinary purine derivatives excretion was nonsignificantly higher in the UMS (51.73 mmol/d), followed by UGS (42.53 mmol/d) and US (35.26 mmol/d). The estimated microbial N (MN) yield were 21.10, 14.00 and 11.60 g/d for UMS, UGS and US respectively. For each MJ increase in ME intade, MN yield increased by $1.29{\pm}0.134g$. Observed live weight changes during the experimental period were 292, 125 and -19 g/d respectively for UMS, UGS and US. It was concluded that supplementation of readily fermentable N (urea) alone was not enough to optimize the rumen function and a source of readily fermentable energy was required. Rice gruel was less effective than molasses as fermentable energy source to remove a restriction on voluntary intake and provide less amino acids of microbial origin for absorption from the small intestine, Thus more substrate for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis were available for growth in the molasses than the rice gruel supplemented animals. However, in situation where molasses is not available or costly, rice gruel does appear to have a place as readily fermentable energy source on a urea supplemented straw diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.403-409
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) supplement Shield Zn (SZ) at the sub-pharmacological concentration on intestinal morphology and gene expression in weanling pigs, with an aim to gain insights into the mechanism of actions for SZ. Methods: Forty 22-day-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 or 2,500 mg Zn/kg with uncoated ZnO (negative control [NC] or positive control [PC], respectively), 100, 200, or 400 mg Zn/kg with SZ for 14 days and their intestinal tissues were taken for histological and molecular biological examinations. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) of the intestinal mucosa were measured microscopically following preparation of the tissue specimen; expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function was determined using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was no difference in daily gain, gain:feed, and diarrhea score between the SZ group and either of NC and PC. The VH and VH:CD ratio were less for the SZ group vs NC in the jejunum and duodenum, respectively (p<0.05). The jejunal mucosal mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin (IL)-10 regressed and tended to regress (p = 0.053) on the SZ concentration with a positive coefficient, respectively, whereas the IL-6 mRNA level regressed on the SZ concentration with a negative coefficient. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, zonula occludens protein-1, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between the SZ group and either of NC and PC; the occludin and transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ mRNA levels were lower for the SZ group than for PC. Conclusion: The present results are interpreted to suggest that dietary ZnO provided by SZ may play a role in intestinal mucosal growth and immune function by modulating the expression of IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-10 genes.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.112-122
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• 1997

According to economical status, malnutrition and overnutrition coexist among preschool children in Korea. Malnutrition have been a serious problem for children in some of rural. Many children have deficiencies of some nutrients such as riboflavin A, and simultaneously they have overcaloric intakes with empty calorie foods. Preschool children have nutritional problems which can affect the growth and development. To investigate whether nutritional intakes can influence on the growth or not, nutritional intakes and anthropometric measurements were determined for infants aged 4~6 years old in three different kinds of preschools. Daily nutrient intakes were calculated by the combination of a direct measurement and 24 hour recall, and the diet consumption patterns were determined by diet quality index. Overall growth of infants in Cheonan area was under the normal growth in Korea. Preschool children in orphanage consumed almost all nutrients much less than the recommended daily allowances, on the other hands, children in private preschool had over-intakes of nutrients when it is compared with the daily requirements. However, the scores of the diet quality index were similar in three preschools since children in private preschool consumed more fat and junk food than those in orphanage. The weight and height of preschool children in orphanage was lower than those in private preschools. This was due to the lower consumption of the important nutrients in infants in orphanage. The consumption of all nutrients except fat did not show any correlation with height or weight. The quality index of fat, cholesterol, grains and protein intakes was higher in children in private preschool than in orphanage. In conclusions, 1)the private preschool children had worse nutrient intake patterns. Better consumption of vitamin $B_2$, calcium and grains were, bigger height and chest circumferences children obtained. 2)Since most of energy intake of preschool children came from junk foods, they needed to consume more supplementation of vitamins and minerals, which is necessary for normal growth. 3)It is desirable for the children to cut down junk foods and empty calorie foods.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.97-114
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• 2012

This study was performed to assess the nutritional status and hair mineral content of children with behavioral problems and compare the values with a gender, age-matched control group. The subjects were recruited from S elementary school children in Seoul, Korea. Students scored higher than 60 points were diagnosed with behavioral problems according to the Korean-Child Behavior Checklist. Nutritional assessment of the two groups (behavior problem group: male n=15, female n=24; $9.6{\pm}1.6$ years, control group: male n=16, female n=18; $9.5{\pm}1.9$ years) was performed using a nutritional survey and by measuring hair mineral contents. In the results, food frequency questionnaire analysis showed that the intakes of anchovy (P<0.05), soybean curb (P<0.01), radish (P<0.05), bean sprouts (P<0.05), spinach (P<0.05), carrot (P<0.05), pumpkin (P<0.05), lettuce (P<0.05), cabbage (P<0.01), apple (P<0.05), and milk (P<0.01) were higher in the control group than the behavior problem group, whereas intakes of ramyeon (P<0.05), cookies (P<0.05), and coke (P<0.01) were higher in the behavior problem group than the control group. Intakes of most nutrients such as plant-derived protein (P<0.05), fiber (P<0.05), plant-derived calcium (P<0.05), phosphorus (P<0.05), plant-derived iron (P<0.05), vitamin B2 (P<0.05), vitamin B6 (P<0.05), vitamin C (P<0.01), vitamin E (P<0.05), and folate (P<0.05) were significantly higher in the control group than the behavior problem group. Hair analysis showed that the levels of arsenic (P<0.05), mercury (P<0.001), uranium (P<0.05), iron (P<0.001), boron (P<0.01), and germanium (P<0.001) were lower, but the levels of phosphate (P<0.05), chromium (P<0.001), sodium (P<0.05), and sulfur (P<0.001) were higher in the behavior problem group than the control group. Conclusively, behavioral problems constitute a complicated condition in which nutritional factors may play major roles. However, it is still under investigation as to whether or not modification of dietary habits or nutritional supplementation can improve children's behavior, since symptoms require a broad understanding of the environmental and genetic interactions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.573-581
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplemental methionine, lysine, choline, and sulfur on laying performance, metabolic parameters, and egg quality of hens fed diets containing sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) during the peak laying period. Lohman layers (n = 144), 30-wk of age as 6 replicate cages of 4 hens, were allocated randomly to receive basal diets containing either 22% corn (B) or 22% sorghum (BS) and diets BS plus 0.57% methionine, 0.66% lysine, 0.47% choline, or 0.05% sulfur for 98 d. Feed intake (FI) and egg production (EP) were recorded daily, egg weight (EW) was measured bi-weekly, and body weight (BW) was measured monthly. A sample of 12 eggs from each experimental group was collected every month to evaluate egg quality. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for metabolite concentrations. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA as repeated measures and significant differences between the experimental groups were assessed using Duncan's Multiple Range test. Partial replacement of corn with sorghum in the basal diet did not affect BW, EP, and FCR but increased FI by 5.7% and EW by 2.4%. The effects of additives on laying performance were variable. Except for serum total protein (STP) concentration, other metabolic parameters were not affected by partial replacement of corn with sorghum in the basal diet. Hens fed diet BS had lower SPT concentration than hens fed diet B. Except for methionine supplementation, other supplements ameliorated depression in STP concentration. The additives did not affect other metabolic parameters. Egg quality responses to the experimental diets were also variable. Partial replacement of corn with sorghum in the basal diet did not affect eggshell characteristics (both thickness and stiffness), whereas it had variable effects on inner egg quality parameters (increased yolk index, depressed yolk color, and unaltered albumen index and Haugh unit). In conclusion, laying hen diets could include low-tannin sorghum (0.26%) up to 22% without necessitating extra supplements to overcome compromised performance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2018

This study examined the effects of dietary processed pine needle tree powder (PPNP) on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, ileal digestibility, blood metabolites and ileal morphology of broiler chickens for 5-week after hatch. In total, 220 1-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 30 pens (seven birds per pen), and each pen was assigned to one of five dietary treatments, a diet without PPNP (control) and diets with 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% PPNP. The body weight and feed intake were measured weekly. One bird from each pen was selected randomly and gently euthanized to collect the blood, visceral organs and digesta samples on 2, 3 and 5 week of age. Birds fed 2.0% PPNP showed decreased (P<0.05) overall body weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake compared to those fed control, 0.5 and 1.0% PPNP. The small intestine length increased (P<0.05) as the level of PPNP in the diet increased. A deeper crypt depth was observed (P<0.05) when birds fed 2.0% PPNP compared to those fed the control diet at week 2. A higher V:C ratio was observed (P<0.05) in birds fed 1.0% PPNP than in those fed other treatments at week 3. Ileal protein digestibility improved (P<0.05) when birds fed 0.5% and 1.0% PPNP compared to that in those fed the control diet at week 3. The feed conversion ratio, ileal dry matter digestibility and blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol, and gizzard and ceca weights were not affected (P>0.05) by supplementation of any levels of PPNP. These results demonstrated that inclusion of PPNP in broiler diets could be a possible factor in improving overall growth performance suggesting early gut development when 1% PPNP is supplemented.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.35.1-35.8
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• 2015

Background: An experiment was conducted in Vietnam to test the hypothesis that total dry matter (DM) intake and liveweight (LW) gain would increase in a curvilinear manner with increasing amounts of concentrate offered. Method: There were five treatments: a basal diet of Guinea grass fed at 1 % of LW and rice straw fed ad libitum (T0), or this diet supplemented with concentrate at 0.6 (T1), 1.2 (T2), 1.8 (T3), or 2.4 % of LW (T4). The concentrate comprised locally available ingredients, namely cassava chips, rice bran, crushed rice grain, fishmeal, salt, and urea, mixed manually. Results: Concentrate intake increased from T0 to T3, but there was no difference in concentrate intake between T3 and T4. Total feed intake increased in a curvilinear manner from 4.0 to 6.4 kg DM/d as the quantity of concentrate consumed increased. The substitution of concentrate for grass and rice straw increased with increasing consumption of concentrate and was as high as 0.49 kg DM reduction per kg of concentrate consumed. LW gain increased curvilinearly, with significant differences between T0 (0.092 kg/d), T1 (0.58 kg/d) and T2 (0.79 kg/d); but there were no significant differences in LW gain between T2, T3 (0.83 kg/d) and T4 (0.94 kg/d).With increasing amount of concentrate in the diet, the digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fat increased, but NDF digestibility decreased. Conclusion: Based on these results, young Vietnamese Brahman-cross growing cattle will respond to a locally-sourced concentrate mix offered at a level of up to 1.2 % of LW.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.1 s.57
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• pp.85-93
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• 1995

In order to examine the effect of testosterone of the cell growth, using a primary rabbit kidney proximal tubule cell culture system, we observed the effect of 3 growth factors and testosterone supplementation on the growth of primary rabbit kidney proximal tubule cells in the serum-free medium. 1 nM of testosterone showed a potentiation of the effect on the growth of the proximal tubule cell in serum-free medium, but higher concentration (>10 nM) of testosterone indeed inhibited the growth. In the absence of hydrocortisone as a growth supplement in serum-free medium, testosterone caused to potentiate the growth of the cell. In the presence of hydrocortisone, testosterone also potentiated the grwoth of the proximal tubule cells. According to the Northern analysis, testosterone increased significantly the level of ${\beta}-actin$ mRNA in proximal tubular cells of rabbit kidney. Consequently we may suggest that growth stimulatory effect of testosterone on the primary rabbit kidney proximal tubule cell in serum-free and hormonally defined media ascribed to increase the synthesis of ${\beta}-actin$, which is an important protein consisting of cellular microfilament.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of two different types of multiple probiotics in broiler chicks. Four hundred one day old male broiler chicks(Ross ${\times}$ Ross) were raised in the floor pen with five treatments(0, A: 0.10, 0.20%, B: 0.10, 0.20% of probiotics), consisting of 5 replicates for 5 weeks. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were measured weekly, Total Lactobacillus, yeast, E. coli, Salmonella were examined from ileum and cecum at the end of experiment. Sera protein, cholesterol and ND vaccine titer were measured and fecal COD, CO$_2$ and NH$_3$ were detected in 24 hours after collection. Weight gain of chickes fed both types of probiotics increased for the first three weeks and showed significantly higher for the rest two weeks. Feed intake tended to be high in probiotics treatments compared with contro(P<0.05)1. Feed conversion improved significantly in B types of 0.2% probiotics compared with control. Total number of Salmonella was not consistent in ileum among treatments, whereas E. coli tended to be decreased in both types of probiotics compared with control. NH$_3$ and CO$_2$ emission of feces were decreased in both types of probiotics, but it was not statistically different(p>0.05). COD of chicks fed both probiotics was lower than control. There were no significantly different breast meat(P>0.05). Total cholesterol decreased in probiotics groups regardless of it's type. ND antibody vaccine titer was prone to be a small increments.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

The current study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary pyroligneous acid (PA) on performance, noxious gas emission in excreta, blood parameter and fatty acid composition of breast meat in Korean native chicken. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were allocated to three treatments (PA; 0, 0.1, 0.2%) with five replicate of 16 each per treatment for 10 weeks. Although there was no effect on the performance, ammonia gas concentration was significantly decreased in the PA treatments compared to the control (p<0.05). Birds fed PA had higher serum total protein and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) concentration but lower triglyceride content in the PA 0.2% treatment than control (p<0.05). In fatty acids composition of breast meat, myristic and stearic acid were significantly decreased, whereas oleic and linolenic acid were significantly increased in the group fed PA compared to those of the control group (p<0.05). The result of the current study indicates that dietary PA may reduce the noxious gas emission and improve lipid levels as well as increase of monounsaturated fatty acids composition of breast meat in Korean native chickens.