• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1147-1153
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• 2000

A total of 9,540 pigs were evaluated for their growth performance to provide information on the development of different feeding strategies to support maximum rate of protein deposition (PD). Large variations in growth performance and protein deposition rate were found in the population used in this study (ADG from 701 to 974 g/day; ADFI from 1,726 to 2,498 g/day; Feed/gain from 2.10 to 2.90; Backfat thickness from 12.4 to 20.5 mm and PD rate from 103 to 153 g/day). It was found that ADG was positively correlated to PD ($R^2=0.9362$, p<0.0001) while FCR was negatively correlated to PD ($R^2=0.4031$, p<0.0001). Backfat thickness was negatively correlated to PD ($R^2=0.7024$, p<0.0001) and to ADG ($R^2=0.5096$, p<0.0001). The estimated lysine requirement based on PD rate also showed large variation (12.37 to 18.38 g/day true ileal digestible lysine on average between 25 and 100 kg), thus strongly indicated the need of separate feeding strategies for each group of pigs. When pigs were divided into three categories according to estimated whole body PD rate, the group of pigs with the highest PD rate grew faster by 6.3 and 13.9% than pigs with intermediate and low PD rate, respectively. Feed utilization was also more efficient in pigs with a high PD rate. It appeared that pigs with high PD rate maintained higher PD rate especially in the later stage of their life. Pigs with high PD rate require an extra amount of 1.2 and 2.4 g/true digestible lysine per day and 0.4 and 0.8% more lysine in the diet than pigs with intermediate and low PD rate during the growing-finishing period respectively. Results of this study suggest that there is a need for separate feeding strategies for individual group of pigs with different PD rate. It should be noted that average value for each group presented in this report is not the adequate amount for an animals potential for maximum PD rate. With recent development in growth modeling and access to computer technologies to facilitate computation, pork producers can easily estimate pigs protein deposition rate and thus can make their own feeding strategies.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.651-662
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• 1996

A 15-week growth trial was conducted in flow-through aquarium system to develop practical feeds for growing Korean rockfish. Two replicate groups of the fish averaging 114 g were fed one of nine diets containing $45\~50\%$ crude protein from various practical ingredients such as fish meal, meat meal, feather meal, blood meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and wheat flour with or without supplemental essential amino acids (EAA) or enzyme mixture. The dietary EAA were adjusted by considering EAA composition of each dietary protein source, A/E ratio (each essential amino $acid\times1000/total$ essential amino arid including Cys and Tyr) calculated using Ah composition of the Korean rockfish whole body and the EAA requirement of other fish. Results indicate that animal and plant protein sources could substitute for fish meal up to $50\%$ in the diets, and the supplementation of amino acids and enzyme mixture have no beneficial effects on fish performance. Fish growth, body composition, nutrient utilization, and cost of fish production are discussed in relation to nutritional values of the protein sources used in diets.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 1986

In southeastern sea of Korea, ammonium excretion rates of mixed macrozooplankton population ranged from 0.90 to 2.32$\mu\textrm{g}$ atoms NH$\_$4/-Nm$\^$-3/h$\^$-1/ and zooplankton excretion contributed from 3 to 15% of total nitrogen requirement by phytoplankton. Wet weight specific ex cretion rate was averaged to be 3.45$\mu\textrm{g}$ atoms NH$\_$4/-Ng$\^$-1/wet weight h$\^$-1/. Zooplankton biomass in wet weight and protein tended to increase to ward outer outer shelf. GDH assay of macrozooplankton demonstrated a typical Michaelis-Mentenkinetics with 5.1mM of half saturation constant(Km). Protein specific GDH activity in the present study ranged from 1.5 to 3.2$\mu\textrm{g}$ atoms NH $\_$4/-N mg$\^$-1/protein h$\^$-1/. Higher protein specific GDH activity in the outer shelf implies that zooplankters in the outer shelf were more active in nitrogen metabolism grazing higher primary production in the outer shelf. In the present study, averaged GDH/excretion ratio was 18.8${\pm}$2.6(n=6)showing high correlation between zooplankton GDH activity and direct ammonium excretion rate by zooplankton. GDH assay can be extremely useful in the future study for the ammonium regeneration by different size zooplankton fraction in various marine environments.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.624-640
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• 2006

Dialysis patients are at risk of malnutrition not only because of losses of nutrients during peritoneal dialysis but also because of anorexia that results in inadequate nutrient intakes. The aim of this study was to estimate the nutritional status of 154 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), especially focused on protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin and mineral status. The mean age of the subjects was $5.12\;{\pm}\;12.4\;y$ with educational years of $12.3\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for male and $9.6\;{\pm}\;0.4\;y$ for female. The mean duration of dialysis was $22.7\;{\pm}\;21.7\;mo$. The causes of renal failure included diabetes (32.7), chronic glomerulonephritis (15.0%), and hypertension (8.5%). The main complications associated with chronic renal failure were hypertension (86.1%), diabetes (35.4%) and liver disease (9.0%). The mean daily energy intake was $1216.8\;{\pm}\;457.3\;kcal$ and increased to $1509.2\;{\pm}\;457.2\;kcal$ when added with the energy from dextrose in dialysate. The latter was still much lower than estimated energy requirement but energy intake per kg of body weight (28.1 kcal/1 g) was within the range of that recommended for CAPD patients' diet therapy (25 - 30 kcal/kg). The average daily intake of protein was $49.2\;{\pm}\;25.1\;g$ with 37.6% of the patients showing their intakes less than Estimated Average Requirement. The average protein intake per kg of weight was 0.9 g/kg, which is less than that recommended for CAPD patients (1.2-1.5g/kg) with mean serum albumin level $3.2\;{\pm}\;0.5\;g/dl$. The proportion of the patients with dietary calcium intake less than EAR was 90.9%, but when added with supplementary calcium (phosphorus binder), most patients showed their total calcium intake between EAR and UL. Fifty percent of the patients were observed with dietary iron intake less than EAR, however most patients revealed their total iron intake with supplementation above UL. The addition of folic acid with supplementation increased mean total folic intake to $1126.0\;{\pm}\;152.4\;{\mu}g$ and ninety eight percent of the subjects showed their total folic acid intake above UL. The prevalence of anemia was 83.1 % assessed with hemoglobin level, even with high intakes of iron with supplementation. Thirty four percent of the patients showed their fasting blood glucose was not under control $(\geq\;126\;mg/dl)$ even with medication or insulin probably due to dextrose from dialysate. The mean blood lipid levels were within the reference levels of hyperlipidemia, but with 72.1 % of the patients showing lower HDL-C. In conclusion, Fairly large proportion of the patients were observed with protein malnutrition with low intake of protein and serum albumin level. Few patients showed their vitamins and minerals intake less than EAR with supplementation. For iron and folic acid, their intakes were increased to above UL for large proportion of he patients. However, more than eighty percent of the patients were still anemic associated with decreased renal function. The serum blood glucose and lipid level were not under control for some patients with medication. It seems that supplementation and medications that patients are taking should be considered for dietary consulting of CAPD patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1133-1140
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• 2006

Human HtrA1 (High temperature requirement protein A1) is a homologue of the E. coli periplasmic serine protease HtrA. A recent study has demonstrated that HtrA1 is a serine protease involved in processing of insulin like growth factor binding protein (ICFBP), indicating that it serves as an important regulator of IGF activity. Additionally, several lines of evidence suggest a striking correlation between proteolytic activity of HtrA1 serine protease and the pathogenesis of several diseases; however, physiological roles of HtrA1 remain to be elucidated. We used the pGEX bacterial expression system to develop a simple and rapid method for purifying HtrA1, and the recombinant HtrA1 protein was utilized to investigate the optimal conditions in executing its proteolytic activity. The proteolytically active HtrA1 was purified to approximately 85% purity, although the yield of the recombinant HtrA1 protein was slightly low $460{\mu}g$ for 1 liter E. coli culture). Using in vitro endoproteolytic cleavage assay, we identified that the HtrA1 serine protease activity was dependent on the enzyme concentration and the incubation time and that the best reaction temperature was $42^{\circ}C$ instead of $37^{\circ}C$. We arbitrary defined one unit of proteolytic activity of the HtrA1 serine protease as 200nM of HtrA1 that cleaves half of $5{\mu}M\;of\;{\beta}-casein$ during 3 hr incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. Our study provides a method for generating useful reagents to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which HtrA1 serine protease activity contributes in regulating its physiological function and to identify natural substrates of HtrA1.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2007

This study was carried out to find the relationship between the eating disorder associated with BMI(body mass index) and nutrition knowledge by surveying 476 middle school girl students in Won Ju, Gang-Won Province, South Korea. BMI is a standard suggested for oriental people and it was differentiated into the underweight, the normal weight and the overweight. To determine the eating disorder, EAT-26(Eating Attitude Test-26) was used and in order to find out the level of nutrition knowledge DGE (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Ernahrung) was used after some modifications and supplementations. And the results are as follows; 1) Out of the students surveyed, 22% are in underweight group, 64% are in normal weight group and just 12% are in overweight group. Except the students in underweight group, most of the surveyed students wish to lower the weight below normal weight. 2) Relationship was found between BMI and EAT-26 score that is related with eating disorder behavior, Total score was higher in overweight group than in underweight and normal weight group (P<0.001). When the score for individual question about eating disorder is considered in detail, the score for the questions preoccupied with the weight reduction was higher in overweight group than in underweight and normal weight group(P<0.001). For the questions about bulimia there was no difference according to BMI, however, for the questions about restraining food intake the score was high in overweight group(P<0.001). 3) The score of nutrition knowledge in line with BMI was different. It was found that the total score and the score for the questions about fat, calorie requirement, and calorie content in food were different. The total score showed the highest in overweight group in comparison with the ones in underweight and normal weight group. (P<0.05). Out of maccronutrient like carbohydrate, fat and protein, only the fat showed significant difference according to BMI and it was lower in overweight group than in underweight and normal weight group.(P<0.05) Out of the questions about calorie requirement, significant difference was found in the score for the questions about calorie requirement and calorie content in food. It was lower in overweight group than in underweight and normal weight group (p<0.05).

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.225-230
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• 2006

A long-term (26 weeks) feeding experiment was conducted to examine the essentiality and requirement of inositol in diets for olive flounder because no information is available in the species. Five casein-gelatin based semi-purified diets were formulated to contain four different levels of myo-inositol (0, 0+antibiotic, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kg, designated as M0, M0+, M400, M800, and M1600, respectively). One (M0+) of the control diets contained tetracycline hydrochloride (0.4%, wt/wt) as an antibiotic to inhibit biosynthesis of inositol by micro-organism in intestine of fish. Olive flounder at the early juvenile stage (initial body weight 1.22 g) were randomly distributed into fifteen 35 L tanks (48 fish/tank) and fed with one of the experimental diets (3 replicates per diet). At the end of the feeding trial, the weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets containing higher levels of myo-inositol (M800 & M1600) were significantly higher than those of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio, survival, hematocrits, and hemoglobin of fish fed experimental diets were not significantly different among all the fish groups. Whole body compositions of fish were not different except for lipid content. The lipid content was significantly different between M0 and M400 diet groups. These results indicate that juvenile olive flounder requires dietary supplementation of myo-inositol in diets for normal growth and its optimum level seems to be approximately 800 mg myo-inositol/kg diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1089-1101
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• 2013

Effects of varied dietary energy densities on immune response and performance of Muzzafarnagari lambs were ascertained in a 180-d study. Animals (n = 24), in three groups, were fed diets providing 100% (100E), 80% (80E) or 70% (70E) of their metabolizable energy requirement. Mean nutrient digestibilities varied significantly among treatments. Nitrogen intake was lower (p<0.01) in the 70E. Nitrogen retention, was reduced (p<0.001) in 80E and 70E vs 100E. The average daily gain (p<0.001) was $47.01{\pm}4.23$, $13.54{\pm}1.72$ and $-16.67{\pm}8.24$ g for 100E, 80E and 70E, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, total and differential leukocyte counts were lower (p<0.001) for 80E and 70E than for 100E with a similar trend (p<0.05) for serum glucose and total protein. Serum cortisol was reduced (p<0.001) with decreased energy availability. Antibody titre to Brucella abortus S19 showed an initial reduction in 80E and 70E vs 100E. Delayed-type hypersensitivity response was lower (p<0.001) in 80E and 70E vs 100E, accompanying a lower (p<0.001) nitric oxide production by the peripheral lymphocytes. It is concluded that the reduced dietary energy density significantly affects the growth performance and immune response of lambs.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.639-645
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• 2005

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, a family of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators of cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Phorbol esters, the prototype PKC activators, cause PKC translocation to the plasma membrane in prostate cancer cells, and trigger an apoptotic response. Studies in recent years have determined that each member of the PKC family exerts different effects on apoptotic or survival pathways. $PKC{\delta}$, one of the novel PKCs, is a key player of the apoptotic response via the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Studies using RNAi revealed that depletion of $PKC{\delta}$ totally abolishes the apoptotic effect of the phorbol ester PMA. Activation of the classical $PKC{\alpha}$ promotes the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the survival kinase Akt. Studies have assigned a pro-survival role to $PKC{\varepsilon}$, but the function of this PKC isozyme remains controversial. Recently, it has been determined that the PKC apoptotic effect in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells is mediated by the autocrine secretion of death factors. $PKC{\delta}$ stimulates the release of $TNF{\alpha}$ from the plasma membrane, and blockade of $TNF{\alpha}$ secretion or $TNF{\alpha}$ receptors abrogates the apoptotic response of PMA. Molecular analysis indicates the requirement of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade via the activation of death receptors and caspase-8. Dissecting the pathways downstream of PKC isozymes represents a major challenge to understanding the molecular basis of phorbol ester-induced apoptosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.521-526
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• 1993

Two percent of monocalcuim phosphate (MCP) was added to control diet consisted of fish meal (18%), soybean meal (36%) and wheat flour (37%) in order to examine the effects on phosphorus (P) discharge and growth of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Growth trial, during which digestibility measurements were made over 7 days, was conducted for 4 weeks using a recirculated rearing system with a settling column for feces collection. Fishes (initial body weight of about 200 g) were fed five times a day upto satiation with tank controlled at $24-26^{\circ}C$. Fishes fed the diet containing 2% MCP (MCP-2) showed about two-fold improvement on both growth rate and feed utilization, compared to those of fishes fed the control diet; weight gain (129 g vs 62 g), feed conversion ratio (1.20 vs 2.46), protein efficiency ratio (2.09 vs 1.07) and daily growth index (3.70 vs 1.93). However, feed intakes were maintained at the same level (150 g/fish) between the two treatments. Dry matter digestibilities of two diets were relatively low, which were 58 and 60% for respective control and MCP-2 diets due to low digestibility of total carbohydrates. However, the digestibilities of both dietary protein (85%) and lipid (90%) of diets were relatively high. While all the P fed were observed to be discharged from fish fed control diet, the discharge from fish fed the MCP-2 diet was decreased up to less than the half (34.9 g/kg wt. gain) of the control. These present results revealed that the supplementation of dietary P requirement by MCP can not only promote growth performances but also reduce the level of P loading to water which is the primary water pollution indicator.