• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effects of dietary cellulose and protein levels on chick performance, four semi-purified diets were formulated so as to contain cellulose at levels of 5% (LC) and 20% (HC) in combination with 10% (LP) and 20% (HP) protein, and fed ad libitum to 1-week-old White Leghorn male chicks for 3 weeks. There were no significant differences in feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency between the LC-HP and HC-HP groups. All parameters were lower in the LP groups; the HC-LP group consumed very small amount of feed and lost body weight during the experiment. The retention rates of DM, ash, nitrogen and energy were higher in the HP than the LP groups. The triglyceride concentration of carcass was lower in the HC-LP group and that of liver was higher in the LC-LP group. The carcass total cholesterol level was higher in the HC-HP group. The relative weight of most digestive organs was higher in the HP group irrespective of the cellulose level. In conclusion, the chick performance was primarily influenced by dietary protein level, and when the chicks were fed inadequate levels of protein, the low cellulose level gave a better performance than the high cellulose level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-114
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• 1985

In the previous studies, one of our author had observed the obligatory nitrogen losses through urine and feces in young Korean male adults, and utilization of whole egg protein in Korean young adults with ordinary intake of energy as a basic study for estimating protein requirements of Korean. This study has tried to determine the protein requirement and utilization when subjects ate the Korean mixed diet at the energy level of 45 kcal per Kg body weight per day. Six healthy Korean young female adults, college students, aged $20{\sim}25$ years old, and $45{\sim}61Kg$ of body weight participated as the study subjects. They were given isocaloric diets with four different protein levels for five days each successively. These diets contained protein levels of 0.45, 0.60, 0.75 and 0.90g per Kg of body weight per day, respectively. It was attempted to observe energy and protein intake, urinary and fecal nitrogen losses, true digestibility of protein, net protein utilization of protein in the body over last two days of period of eating each diet and nitrogen balances were calculated. The body weight change and hematological observation were also performed. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1) True digestibility of protein of Korean mixed diets ranged from 83.1% to 86.5% and the average of which was $84.7{\pm}1.7%$. 2) Net protein utilization rate of Korean mixed diets was range of 49% to 55% and the average of which was $52{\pm}3%.$ 3) The body weight of subjects were slightly increased and the values of hemoglobin and hematocrit of the blood were also little increased during the experimental periods of twenty days. 4) Protein requirements of Korean mixed diet with the energy level of 45 kcal/Kg body weight per day of Korean young female adults were estimated as 1.00g/Kg/day on this experimental condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.665-671
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• 2003

A factorial experiment was conducted to assess nutrient utilization by growing lambs maintained on three levels each of digestible energy (high: HE, medium: ME, low: LE) and protein (high: HP, medium: MP, low: LP) in nine combinations (HEHP, HEMP, HELP, MEHP, MEMP, MELP, LEHP, LEMP, LELP). The experiment was conducted during the hot season in a semiarid location. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was similar in all the groups in terms of unit body weight or metabolic body size. Digestibility of DM and nitrogen free extract increased (p<0.01) from low to medium and high energy regimen while the CF digestibility followed a reverse trend. The digestibility of crude protein (CP) decreased from high to medium and low protein regimens while it was similar in terms of energy variation. Nitrogen intake was higher in high followed by medium and low protein regime while fecal and urinary nitrogen loss were similar in all the treatment groups. Lambs in all the three levels of protein were in positive N balance and percent N retention was higher (p<0.01) in high followed by medium and low protein levels whereas it was similar in terms of energy variation. Initial body weight was similar in all the groups while final weight, total gain in the experiment and average daily gain (ADG) were higher in high than medium and low energy regimens. It is concluded that crossbred lambs required 75.1 g DM, 9.6 g CP, 6.3 g DCP and 711 KJ DE/kg W $^{0.75}$or 11.0 g CP/MJ DE or 7.2 g DCP/MJ DE for 93 g average daily gain in a hot semiarid environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.723-731
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• 1992

Two similar experiments were designed to evaluate the interaction of dietary CP and ME levels on the production performance parameters at the age between 155 and 300 days in Starcross layers. In both experiments, the feed intake and mortality decreased but the egg weight, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased as the dietary CP and ME levels increased. The CP intake was highest CP and lowest ME levels. With the increasing CP and decreasing ME levels, the ME intake decreased significantly (Experiments 1 & 2). The $CP{\times}ME$ interactions were significant only on mean egg weight and egg production in Experiment 2. In both the experiments, the CP levels were positively correlated with CP intake, egg weight, body weight gain and egg production and negative correlation with feed intake, mortality percentage and ME intake. The ME levels showed negative correlation with feed intake, protein intake, mortality percentages and positive correlation with all other parameters in both experiments. The highest values were noted for all the parameters (except mortality percentages) in Experiment 1 than that recorded in Experiment 2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 1996

Carcass analysis of most economical parts of broilers were studied after they were fed with different protein levels of 16, 18, 20 and 23% for the starter period and 16, 18 and 20% for the grower period. The energy value of the feed was constant at 3,200 kcal ME/kg. The results for the starter and grower broilers showed similar pattern of responses. There were significant increased in weight gain, feed intake, protein intake, while there were significant decrease in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), abdominal fat and carcass fat when dietary protein increased. For the economical parts of the carcass, most of the fats were found in the thigh meat, while the lowest was found in the breast meat. The protein levels did not influence the meat production of the breast, drumstick and thigh portion. Increasing the protein intake, increased the broiler performance in relation to increased protein content of the breast, drumstick and thigh meat. The different fat contents of the meat might be due to differences in the rate of lipogenesis and fat deposition of the meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.914-922
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• 1999

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary energy and protein on performance and carcass composition of broilers under heat stress during the growing period (3-6 weeks). A factorial arrangement of three levels of energy (3.0, 3.2 and 3.4 kcal/g), three levels of protein (18, 20 and 22%), an two rearing temperatures were used in this study. Groups of birds were kept under moderate temperature ($24{\pm}1^{\circ}C/24h$) or hot cycling temperature ($26-34^{\circ}C/6h$, $34{\pm}1^{\circ}C/12h$, and $34-26^{\circ}C/6h$). Body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (feed : gain) (FC), carcass weight (CW), carcass yield (YP), breast meat (BM), abdominal fat (AF), drumsticks (DS), and thighs (TH) percentages were determined at the end of the experiment. Hot cycling temperature significantly (p<0.05) decreased BW, WG, FI, CW, and BM, increased FC, YP, DS, and TH but did not affect AF. High energy significantly (p<0.05) increased BW, WG, CW, YP, AF, and TH, decreased FI and FC but did not affect BM or DS. This improvement was observed only under moderate temperature resulting in significant (p<0.05) energy by temperature interaction. High protein significantly (p<0.05) increased BW, WG, CW and BM, decreased AF but did not affect FI, FC, TP, DS, or TH. There were no significant protein by temperature interactions for any of the parameters tested except CW. It is concluded, under the conditions imposed in this experiment, that increasing dietary energy did not alleviate the depressing effect of heat stress while increasing dietary protein up to 22% improved the performance of broilers irrespective of rearing temperature.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 1999

A total of 216 women of natural menopause over 40 years were interviewed to find the relationships among general environmental fctors, anthropometric measurements, daily nutrient intake, and BMD. The average age of the subjects was 54.0 years. Average ages of menarche and menopause were 16.7 years and 47.7 years, respectively. In general, energy and nutrients intake of the subjects were relatively low compared to the Korean recommended dietary allowances(RDA). Specifically, intakes of energy, protein, clcium, iron, and vitamin A were lower than Korean RDA, BMD levels of lumbar spin (LS), femoral neck(FN), ward's triangle(WT), and trochanter(TC) were significantly decreased wit age in descending order of LS, FN, TC, and WT BMD, accordingly. BMD levels of FN and TC of the subjects were higher compared to those of the same age but BMD levels of LS and WT were lower than those of the same age from the general population. For factors related to BMD levels, hight, weight, BMI, and hip circumference had positive correlations with BMD. On the other hand, menarche, and WHR had negative correlations with BMD. Protein, lipid, iron, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin intake among factors related nutrient intakes were positively correlated with BMD levels. Based on the stepwise regression analysis, the factors and vitamin B1 intakes. Overall, BMD was decreased with age as can be expected. For those being tall, moderately weighed, and smaller waist circumference, BMD levels were high when the relationships of body characteristics and BMD levels were considered. The higher BMD levels were found for those with high intake of protein and vitamin B1. From the findings, it is suggested that the women after menopause keep the optimum body weight and good eating habits. Specially intakes of good quality protein, vitamin B1 seemed to be important.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.855-860
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• 2005

This study was designed to test the effects of changes in energy and protein intake levels on the maternal milk amino acid concentrations over the short-term in lactating mares. Three lactating mares were enrolled for the study 7 weeks after parturition. A low-energy and low-protein diet (LEP) was administered during the first week of the study, followed by administration of a high-energy and high-protein diet (HEP), again for a week (day 1 to day 7), and milk was sampled thrice daily at intervals of 8 h during the study period. The mean amino acid concentrations in the maternal milk, except for those of proline, serine and valine, were significantly higher in the HEP feeding period than during the LEP feeding period (p<0.05). The sum of the concentrations of all the amino acids (TAA) in the maternal milk samples during the HEP and LEP feeding periods was 1,644.9${\pm}$26.9 and 1,542.3${\pm}$36.0 mg/100 g, respectively, the difference between the two was not significant. When the ratio of each amino acid concentration to the TAA in the maternal milk was analyzed, there were significant differences between the HEP and LEP feeding periods for all amino acids, except glycine, serine, alanine and histidine. It was found that the concentrations of glutamic acid+glutamine, serine, threonine, arginine and valine were significantly higher (p<0.05) on day 1 than on day 7 during the LEP feeding period, and there were no such differences during the HEP feeding period. In regard to the effects of changes in the energy and protein intake levels in lactating mares, no changes in milk amino acid concentrations were found following administration of HEP for a week, whereas 7 days of administration of LEP was associated with a decrease in the amino acid concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 1994

Three dietary ME levels of 3,200, 2,900 and 2,600 kcal /kg in the same 13% single-stage low protein diet were compared to evaluate the effect of ME levels of grower diets on egg-type pullet growth and subsequent laying performance. As the ME levels of grower diets decreased, cumulative feed and protein consumptions increased(P<0.05), however, the ME intake and body weight at 18 wk of age decreased(P<0.05). Grower feed cost decreased as the dietary ME level was decreased, but no significant difference was found among dietary ME levels of grower diets. During the laying period, sexual maturity, hen-day egg production and average egg weight were not significantly affected by the ME levels of grower diet, however, daily feed intake and feed required per egg decreased as the dietary ME level of grower diet was reduced(P<0.05). Results of this study indicate that pullets can be reared on the low ME diet of 2,600 kcal /kg and it would he economical to utilize the low energy diet during the growing period when they are reared on a 13% single-stage low protein diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.103-112
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• 1994

This study was a sequential experiment consisting if feeding trial and in vitro culture studies. Feeding was conducted by $2{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design with two cimaterol levels (0, 0.25 mg/kg), two energy levels (3,200, 2,900 ME kcal/kg) and two sexes. In starting period (0-21 days) broilers were fed diets containing two energy level without dietary supplementation of cimaterol. During finishing period (21-42 days) cimaterol groups were fed cimaterol supplemented diets. In vitro cultures were carried out to study the cellular metabolism of protein and fat in liver and adipose tissues prepared from chicks used in feeding trials. Body weight gain was significantly improved by the administration of cimaterol to experimental diets by 2.4% (p < 0.05). Feed intake was reduced by cimaterol administration at the high energy level, but this trend was reversed at low energy level. Feed efficiency was improved by cimaterol administration and at high energy level the difference (5.7%) was significant(p < 0.05). The administration of cimaterol had no effects on percentage of abdominal fat content, giblet and neck. There was little difference in carcass yield between control and cimaterol treated group. The administration of cimaterol had no effects on nutrient metabolizability or carcass composition. The results of in vitro studies with liver tissues showed that cimaterol increased the lipolytic activities (p < 0.05) and decreased lipogenic activities (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies with acinar cell of liver tissues. cimaterol increased the amount of retained protein and decreased secreted protein at high energy level. but the trend was opposite at low energy level.