• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.688-692
• /
• 2004

Fifty four crossbred gilts of 26.38${\pm}$0.85 kg body weight and 25 weeks of age were randomly divided into three groups, having six replicates of three animals each and were assigned to one of the three dietary treatments containing corn, wheat bran and rice bran (RB) at 35, 47 and 0% in $R_1$; 17.5, 23.5 and 41% in $R_2$ and 0, 0 and 82% in $R_3$. Soybean meal and fishmeal were used as source of protein at 10 and 6%, respectively, in all the rations. Average daily CP, DCP, DE and ME intake per kg $W^{0.75}$ and body weight gains were lowest (p<0.01) in gilts fed 82% RB ($R_3$), followed by $R_2$ and R1. Utilization of protein with respect to nitrogen balance and DCP conversion efficiency did not differ (p>0.05) between the treatment groups. All the gilts were in positive nitrogen balance. However, the excretion of dietary nitrogen and energy through faeces was higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. However, the DE and ME conversion efficiency were higher (p<0.01) in gilts fed RB. Therefore, it can be concluded that the digestibility of energy and protein in diets containing rice bran goes on decreasing with the increasing level of fat and fibre, but the metabolizability of the energy and protein was better in pigs fed RB in the diet.

• Development and Reproduction
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 2019

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). T2DM is correlated with obesity and most T2DM medications have been developed for enhancing insulin sensitivity. Silk protein fibroin (SPF) from spiders has been suggested as an attractive biomaterial for medical purposes. We generated transgenic rice (TR) expressing SPF and fed it to diabetic $BKS.Cg-m+/+Lepr^{db}$ mice to monitor the changes in blood glucose levels and adipose tissue proteins associated with energy metabolism and insulin signaling. In the present study, the adipocyte size in abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice was remarkably smaller than that of the control. Whereas the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-activated protein kinase and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) protein levels were increased in abdominal adipose tissues after TR-SPF feeding, levels of six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) proteins decreased. Phosphorylation of AMPK at threonine 172 and IRS1 at serine 307 and tyrosine 632 were both increased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice. Increased expression and phosphorylation of IRS1 at both serine 307 and tyrosine 632 in adipose tissues indicated that adipocytes obtained from abdominal fat in TR-SPF-fed mice were more susceptible to insulin signaling than that of the control. STAMP2 protein levels decreased in adipose tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice, indicating that STAMP2 proteins were reducing adipocytes that were undergoing lipolysis. Taken together, this study showed that TR-SPF was effective in reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and that concurrent lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes was associated with alterations of AMPK, IRS1, and STAMP2. Increased IRS1 expression and its phosphorylation by TR-SFP were considered to be particularly important in the induction of lipolysis in adipocytes, as well as in reducing blood glucose levels in this animal model.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.31 no.9
• /
• pp.1422-1432
• /
• 1998

This study investigated the nutritional status of 32 CAPD patients. Their weight, height, triceps, mid arm circumference were measured and their dietary intake and the blood profiles were evaluated. They were 56.0${\pm}$11.8 years old. Their intake of energy and protein were 78% and 93% of RDA respectively. The energy from dextrose was 376.1${\pm}$83.2kcal. The men's and women's intake of protein was 84.6% and 102.1% of RDA respectively, According to the distribution of BMI, 23.5% of the men and 6.1% of the women were underweight and 5.9% of the men and 20% of the women were overweight. The serum albumin levels of the men and women were 3.30 and 3.71g/41 respectively. However, the average amount of serum ferritin, as a whole, comes within the normal range, which shows that stored iron was not decreased and that their anemia was not caused by iron deficiency. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of albumin, and their intakes of nutrients were compared with one another, The group with the high level of albumin showed that energy and protein intake was significantly larger and that BMI was also significantly higher than the other groups. There was a positive correlation between BMI and energy intake. Serum total protein had a positive correlation to energy intake ; hematocrit, to carbohydrate intake. BMI had a positive correlation to energy intake. A relative magnitude of factors affecting albumin level was analyzed by Stepwise multiple regression analysis. Overall results about relative influence of independent variables to dependent variable(albumin) indicated that the blood total protein(p <0.0001) was the most significantly correlated with serum albumin level in all subjects,1311owe4 by creatinine and total cholesterol. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1422-1432, 1998)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.643-646
• /
• 1992

Role of low degradable protein in milk production of early lactating Murrah buffaloes has been studied in relation to energy status of test animals. Replacement of conventional concentrate mixture with low degradable cotton seed cake resulted in appreciable changes in circulatory transaminases and phosphatase levels. The enzymes viz. glutamate oxaloacetate and glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatases increased with feeding of said cake indicating stress on hepatic tissue. Animals seemed to overcome stress by feeding enhanced levels of same protein along with improved feed intake, body weight and milk production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.697-702
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the compensatory nutrition regimen modulates lactation performance and milk protein gene expression in the first and second lactation cycles. Female rats(28 days of age) were assigned to 1)control ad libitum ; 2) stari-step compensatory nutrition(SSCN) regimen an alternating 3-2-3-4-week schedule beginning with an energy restriction diet(40% restriction) for 3 weeks followed by the control diet(ad libitum) for 2 weeks and then alternating another 3-4 week feeding regimen. The SSCN rats were received an overall 20% energy restriction(average from all stair-step periods) compared with the conventionally fed control group. Rats were bred during the first week of the second realimentation. All pups were weaned on day 21 of lactation. About 1 week after weaning all dams were mated for the second pregnancy. Mammary tissues were obtained from pregnant and lactating rats during the first and second lactation cycles. During these lactation cycles the SSCN group had a 11% increase in average lactation performance over that of control. The SSCN group had significantly increased levels of milk protein gene($\alpha$- and $\beta$-casein) expression in mammary tissues during the first lactation cycle compared with those of the control group. During the second lactation period the levels of milk protein gene expression in lactating mammary tissues of the SSCN group were also higher than those of the control group. These results suggest that the effects of compensatory growth imposed at an early age extend to the second lactation cycle with regard to increased lactation performance and milk protein gene expression.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.461-468
• /
• 2023

Supplying an appropriate amount of feed is an economical and environmentally friendly by increasing the nutrient digestibility of livestock and reducing nutrients released from overfeeding. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility according to dietary feeding levels of Hanwoo steers. Three treatments in feeding trial were used feeding amount based on the maintenance energy level of the Korean feeding standard for Hanwoo (2022): 100% (control, CON), 140% (treatment 1, TRT1), and 190% (treatment 2, TRT2). The experiment was designed in replicate 3×3 balanced Latin square designs using six Hanwoo steers. In this study, energy value was predicted according to treatment groups. In addition, nutrient digestibility and energy value were measured through a feeding trial to Hanwoo steers. All energy values, including total digestible nutrients and digestible energy, were predicted to decrease linearly with increasing feeding levels. TRT2 showed lower digestibility than CON for dry matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients in the feeding trial (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between CON and TRT1. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestibility of feed are set based on the maintenance energy. However nutrient digestibility and TDN decreased when feeding level increased by more than 190% compared to maintenance energy in this study. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the TDN by considering the feeding level when mixing the feed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.7 no.3
• /
• pp.316-326
• /
• 2002

This study was carried out on 178 bus drivers in the Masan area to investigate their health and nutritional status. THe nutritional status of the subjects was surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and blood analyses were conducted through annual health examinations in June, 1999. The results were as fellows: About 51% were classified as normal, 33% as health-concerned, and 17% as disease-suspected. The levels of total seam cholesterol were significantly higher in the over 20 year group (194.64 $\pm$ 41.42 mg/dl) than in the under 10 year group (175,00 $\pm$ 31.33 mg/dl) with respect to the length of their driving careers. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the 51 to 60 age group than in the other groups (p < 0.05) . The total seam cholesterol increased with increasing age (p < 0.001), and SBP increased with increasing Body Mass Index (BMI) (p < 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), hemoglobin (p < 0.05) and glutamate-pyruvate-aminotransferase (GPT) (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the BMI of over 20, than in the BMI under 20. The GPT was significantly higher in the BMI over 25 than in the BMI under 25. In The mean daily energy intake was 1912.7 kcal (76.5% of the RDA) ultra the protein intake was 74.3 g (106.2% or the RDA). Compared with the recommended allowance, the energy, calcium, thiamin, and riboflavin intakes were below, and the Fe, vitamin A, vitamin C intakes were above the Korean RDA. The average carbohydrate, protein, fat ratio of energy intake was 66 : 15 : 19, respectively. The length of their driving careers had a positive correlation with their ages and total serum cholesterol levels, and their ages had a positive correlation with their blood pressures, total seam cholesterol and hemoglobin levels and BMI. Their BMI had a positive correlation with their ages, blood pressures, total serum cholesterol, hemoglobin, GPT and GOT levels. The results of this study indicate that bus drivers needed regular exercise, and control of their body weights to prevent chronic diseases, and that their health status should be monitored as the length of their driving careers and ages increase.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.62 no.5
• /
• pp.659-667
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and protease on nitrogen (N) utilization, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in growing pigs. A total of six crossbred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) barrows were individually accepted in 1.2 m × 0.7 m × 0.96 m stainless steel metabolism cages. The pigs (average initial body weight of 27.91 ± 1.84 kg) randomly assigned to six diets with six weeks (6 × 6 Latin square design). The experiment was carried out in an environment with a temperature of 23 ± 1.5℃, a relative humidity of 83 ± 2.3% and a wind speed of 0.25 ± 0.03 m/s. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of CP (15.3% or 17.1%) and three levels of protease (0 ppm, 150 ppm, or 300 ppm). The average daily gain and gain to feed ratio (G:F) tended to increase (p = 0.074) with increasing amounts of protease. The low CP level diet reduced (p < 0.050) urinary and fecal N concentrations, the total N excretion in feces, and increased (p < 0.050) N retention. Different protease levels in the diet did not affect (p > 0.05) at N intake, but supplementation of the diets with 300 ppm protease decreased (p < 0.050) the N concentration in urine and feces and tended to increase (p = 0.061) the percentage of N retention retained of the total N intake. The dietary CP level did not affect (p > 0.050) the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, digestible energy (DE), and metabolic energy (ME), but diet supplementation with 300 ppm protease showed higher (p < 0.050) ATTD of DE and ME than in the protease-free diet. Therefore, a low protein diet with protease could improve the utilization of nitrogen, thereby reducing the negative effect of N excretion into the environment while maintaining or increasing growth performance compared to a high protein diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.1355-1359
• /
• 2003

This study examined the replacement of the fish meal (FM) with commercial poultry by-product meal (PBM) in practical diets for rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing levels 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40% of PBM as a replacement for FM were fed to three replicate groups of rainbow trout with a initial weight $34.50{\pm}0.43g$ (mean${\pm}$SE). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) of diets containing PBM up to 20% were similar to the control while significantly lower values were obtained from the groups receiving higher levels of PBM (p<0.05). Apparent protein digestibility coefficients (ADCs) were significantly lower than that of the control group when PBM was included at level of 20% or more. Similarly, significantly lower values were observed with diets containing 30 and 40% PBM in terms of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ash and energy digestibility (p<0.05). Dietary treatments did not significantly affect the body composition of the fish in terms of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash. In conclusion, PBM in a proportion of 20% may replace about 40 % of FM in rainbow trout diet without significant impairment grow.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.7.1-7.6
• /
• 2017

A feeding trial was designed to assess the effects of dietary protein and lipid content on growth, feed utilization efficiency, and muscle proximate composition of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri. Six experimental diets were formulated with a combination of three protein (35, 45, and 55%) and two dietary lipid levels (7 and 14%). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish ($8.3{\pm}0.1g$) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary protein level from 35 to 55% at the same dietary lipid level. At the same dietary lipid content, WG and SGR obtained with diets containing 55% protein was significantly higher than those obtained with diets containing 45 and 35% protein. No significant effect on growth rate was found when the dietary level of lipid was increased from 7 to 14%. While the levels of protein and lipid in the diets had no significant effect on feed intake, other nutrient utilization efficiency parameters including daily protein intake (DPI), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a similar trend to that of growth rates, with the highest values obtained with diets containing 55% protein. Muscle chemical composition was not significantly affected by the different dietary treatments for each dietary lipid or protein level tested. These findings may suggest that a practical diet containing 55% protein and 7% lipid provides sufficient nutrient and energy to support the acceptable growth rates and nutrient utilization of mandarin fish juveniles.