• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2009

The effects of different packaging methods such as aerobic, vacuum, and wrap packaging, on quality characteristics of fresh chicken breast meat during cold storage were investigated. The results show that crude fat content in aerobic packaging method was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to the others, whereas moisture, protein and ash contents were not significantly different. pH in wrap packaging was increased with storage time and reached the highest values at 10 days. Both lightness and redness of the meat were increased with storage time, but lightness was significantly (P<0.05) higher in wrap packaging than in the others. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values were increased in all treatments at 10 days. VBN at 5 days were over 20 mg%, and TBA values at 10 days were between 0.82~1.05 mg malondialdehyde/kg meat. TBA showed significantly (P<0.05) lower in vacuum packaging compared to the other methods. Therefore, our results suggested that vacuum packaging decreases lipid oxidation of chicken breast meat, thereby enhancing the shelf life, compared to aerobic and wrap packaging methods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of tall type mixtures and tall+short type mixtures on dry matter yield, botanical composition and quality. The experimental design includes two mixture types: Tall type mixtures(TM); orchardgrass(Potomac) 40+tall fescue(Fawn) 20+Festulolium braunii (Paulita) 10+perennial ryegrass(Reveille) 10+timothy(Climax) 10+red clover(Kenland) 5+alfalfa(Vernal) 5%) and tall+short type mixtures(TSM); orchardgrass(Potomac) 40+tall fescue(Fawn) 20+Kentucky bluegrass(Newport, turf type) 10+redtop(Barricuda, turf type) 10+perennial ryegrass(Palmer III, turf type) 10+red fescue(Flyer II, turf type) 5+white clover(Regal) 5%. The dry matter(DM) yield was higher obtained in TSM than that of TM, but there was no significant difference between TM and TSM. In the chemical composition, there was no significant difference between TM and TSM, but the content of cellulose, lignin were higher in TM than those in TSM(p<0.05). Also, the content of acid detergent fiber which affected dry matter digestibility was higher in TM than that of TSM. The crude protein dry matter yield was not observed significant difference between TM and TSM, but digestible dry matter(DDM) yield was higher in TSM than that of TM. In botanical composition, tall fescue, alfalfa and orchardgrass were highly maintained in TM but white clover, tall fescue and orchardgrass were highly, and redtop, red fescue were continuously maintained in TSM. In this experiment, DM yields and quality of two mixture types were no difference. However, the tall+short type mixtures(TSM) were more effective in enhancing the dry matter digestibility and DDM yield, and in maintaining the various botanical composition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.172-180
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• 2009

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics and sensory quality of Sogokju (Korean traditional rice wine) prepared with waxy rice varieties. Among tested waxy rice varieties, highest protein contents (8.11%) was observed in cv. Sangjuchal, and highest whiteness and L-value were observed in cv. Hwaseonchal, while no significant differences in gelatinization temperature could be observed among tested varieties, and cv. Boseokchal and Sinseonchal exhibited higher breakdown viscosity compared to the others. The alcohol contents of Sogokju with waxy rice varieties ranges from 13.0 to 13.4%, and the brix degree and turbidity were within the range of 20.5 to 24.6 $^{\circ}Bx$, and 0.0344 to 0.0530, respectively. The highest L-value (6.90), b-value (l.45), pH (4.79), total acidity (0.8384%), and glucose content (10.843 g/100 ml) could be observed in Sogokju made with cv. Sangjuchal. The organic acids such as succinic acid, malic acid, citric acid and oxalic acid could be detected in Sogokju. Although no variety-dependant differences in appearance, aroma, and taste could be found in sensory evaluation, Sogokju made with cvs. Sinseonchal, Haepyeongchal, and Hwaseonchal showed higher overall quality than Sogokju made with cv. Dongjinchal, which is most widely used for Sogokju used for Sogokju production nowadays.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to compare forage production and feed value of winter forage crops at the experimental field of Livestock Division, National Institute of Animal Science from 2003 to 2004 in Jeju. The experiment was arranged in slit plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of two cutting times, one time cutting and two times cutting. Sub plots consisted of 5 different seed combinations, T1 (Italian ryegrass), T2 (Oat), T3 (Italian ryegrass 25+Oat 75%), T4 (Italian ryegrass 50+Oat 50%), T5 (Italian ryegrass 75+Oat 25%). One time cutting showed the highest dry matter (DM) yield by 18,680 kg/ha. Tow times cutting showed the highest crude protein (CP) content by 11.97%. The all treatments have narrow range of total digestible nutrient (TDN) from 60.6% to 70.4%.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.239-250
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• 2002

Evaluation works of oat in mixture with rye on forage yield have not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine yield and quality of forage mixture as affected by maturity of rye cultivar and oat-rye seeding rate at Suweon from 1999 to 2000. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Main plots consisted of maturity of rye. such as early(cv. Koolgrazer) and late(cv. Kodiak)maturing cultivars. Sub-plots consisted of seeding rate (T1: Oat 2000 and rye 0kg/ha, Ts: Oat 150 and rye 40kg/ha, T3: Oat100 and rye 80kg/ha, T4: Oat50 and rye 120kg/ha. and T5: Oat0 and rye 160kg/ha). Crude protein(CP) content of oat-rye mixture harvested in the fall was not influenced by maturity of rye cultivar, but that of oat-rye mixture was increased from 13.6 to 19.3% as the seeding rate of rye increased(P<0.05), however, maturity of rye cultivar significantly affected CP content of oat-rye mixture in the spring(P<0.01). Acid detergent fiber(ADF) content of oat-rye mixture harvested in the spring was not significantly affected by rye cultivar, but the ADF was decreased from 27.8 to 20.7% as the seeding rate of rye increased(P$<$0.01). When rye was harveste in the spring, ADF content of late maturing cultivar 'Kodiak' was shown as 28.0%. This was lower than that of early maturing cultivar 'Koolgrazer' which was shown as 35.8%(P$<$0.01). Among treatments, neutral detergent fiber(NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) of oat-rye mixture showed a similar trend made on ADF. In this experiment, the highest forage yield (12.356kg/ha) was obtained from early maturing rye cultivar and seeding rates of 100kg/ha of oat and 80kg/ha of rye mixture. A significant interaction between maturity of rye cultivar and seeding rate was found(P$<$0.01). The above results indicate that an early maturing rye cultivar at the seeding rate of 100kd/ha in mixtures with 80kg/ha of oat could be recommended as a succeeding cropping system after corn for silage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.742-750
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of two kinds of electrolyzed water with added 0.5% (v/v) citron juice, SAEW-CJ[Strong Acidic Electrolyzed Water with added Citron Juice, pH 2.57, ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) 1,122 mV, HClO 23.05ppm] and LAEW-CJ (Low Alkaline Electrolyzed Water with added Citron Juice, pH 4.67, ORP 997mV, HClO 42.55mV) as storing liquid for peeled taro. During storage at $5^{\circ}C$ until 30 days, SAEW-CJ and LAEW-CJ inhibited the growth of microorganisms more effectively than 0.2% (w/v) APS (aluminium potassium sulfate) and 0.85% (w/v) NaCl did. Total phenolic contents, PRO (polyphenol oxidase) activity, color differences value (${\Delta}E$) and vitamin C contents of peeled taro stored in SAEW-CJ and LAEW-CJ were lower than those stored in 0.2% APS and 0.85% NaCl. The hardness decrement of peeled taro stored in LAEW-CJ was lower than that of the others. In addition, the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude ash, total sugars, and reducing sugars were gradually decreased during storage. However, no difference by peeling methods or immersion liquid was found.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.387-393
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• 1978

Lipid oxidation is one of the major factors affecting on deterioration of nutritional quality in dried fish products. In this paper, the relationship between oxidized products of lipid and brown pigments, free amino acids and available lysine during the storage of dried sea eel, Muraesox cinereus, was investigated. And the inhibiting effect of antioxidant to lipid oxidation and its role to the protein quality were also discussed. From the results, TBA and carbonyl value rapidly increased while amino-N and available lysine diminished during hot air drying. This suggests that drying conditions greatly affected to the oxidation of lipid and making amino acids 'unavailable'. TBA value increased up to 20 days, and hereafter gradually diminished. Increase in TBA and carbonyl value and formation of fat oxidative brown pigment were closely related to the loss of free amino-N and available lysine. The loss of available lysine seemed to be affected by the formation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds rather than saturated carbonyl compounds. By the treatment of antioxidant, the loss of amino acids and available lysine was somewhat retarded. This may suggests that the oxidation of lipid or oxidative browning reactions are functioning to the loss of available lysine. In antioxidant treated sample, 23% of amino-N to the total amino-N in the fresh sample was lost after 20 days storage at $30^{\circ}C$ while the loss of amino-N to 39% in case of the control, and afterward the value treated to be slightly reduced or remained steady.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating some chemical compositions in forages. Analysis of forage quality by NIRS usually involves dry ground samples. Costs might be reduced if samples could be analyzed without drying or grinding. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of sample preparations and spectral math treatments on prediction ability of chemical composition for corn silage by NIRS. A population of 112 corn silage representing a wide range in chemical parameters were used in this investigation. Samples of com silage were scanned at 2nm intervals over the wavelength range 400-2500nm and the optical data recorded as log l/Reflectance(log l/R) and scanned in overt-dried grinding(ODG), liquid nitrogen grinding(LNG) or intact fresh(IF) condition. Samples were analysed for neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), acid detergent lignin(ADL), crude protein(CP) and crude ash content were expressed on a dry-matter(DM) basis. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using modified partial least squares(MPLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with four spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation(SECV). The results of this study show that NIRS predicted the chemical parameters with very high degree of accuracy(the correlation coefficient of cross validation$(R^2cv)$ range from $0.70{\sim}0.95$) in ODG. The optimum equations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of prediction(SEP). The Optimum sample preparation methods and spectral math treatment were for ADF, the ODG method using 2,10,5 math treatment(SEP = 0.99, $R^2v=0.93$), and for CP, the ODG method using 1,4,4 math treatment(SEP = 0.29. $R^2v=0.91$).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2010

A study was conducted to determine the effects the of cattle manure application on forage yield, quality and soil in orchard grass pasture at the experimental field of Subtropical Animal Experiment Station, National Institute of Animal Science from 2008 to 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF N-200 kg/ha), cattle manure 50% (basis N, CM50%), CM100% (basis N), CM200% (basis N). The dry matter (DM) yield of CM200% was the highest among the other treatments. CF showed the highest average crude protein (CP) content by 12.4% and CM50% showed the lowest content by 11.0%. Average acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were 30.4 and 69.7% respectively. All treatments have narrow range of total digestibility nutrient (TDN) from 64.0% to 69.1%. But there were big difference between treatment in forage nitrate content. Changes of physical and chemical properties of soils for applications of CF 200% and CM 200% was clearly in cattle manure application. Especially, CM application in pasture increased CF application with respect to soil pH, organic matter (OM), and avaliable phosphorous ($P_2O_5$) contents of soils.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of seeding methods and application levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and forage quality of whole crop rice (WCR). The WCR variety "Namil" was directly seeded on April 25 and transplanted on May 25. Five levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied (90, 110, 140, 170 and 200 kg/ha). There were no significant differences (p<0.05) of the emergence date, heading date and disease resistance based on the nitrogen fertilizer rates; however, the WCR became dark at higher nitrogen fertilizer rates. The plant height increased at higher nitrogen fertilizer rates and the tiller number showed the same trend. In contrast to a direct seeding method, transplanting increased the tiller number. The dry matter (DM) content did not show a certain tendency based on nitrogen fertilizer rates, while the fresh and dry matter yields increased with incremental changes of the nitrogen fertilizer rates (p<0.01), and the transplant method increased the yield size. In yield analysis, the plot direct-seeded with 140 kg N/ha and the transplanting with 170kg N/ha showed the highest yields. The crude protein (CP) content increased with higher nitrogen fertilizer rate, but there was no significant differences between transplant and direct-seeding methods. The content of ADF (acid detergent fiber) and NDF (neutral detergent fiber) increased with higher nitrogen fertilizer rate, but total digestible nutrient (TDN) content decreased with increased nitrogen levels. Although high nitrogen applications increased the fresh and DM yields, the 140 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer level is recommended as the proper nitrogen fertilizer level, considering both yield and the environments.