• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

Background: Members belonging to the interferon-lambda (IFN-${\lambda}$) family exert protective action against viral infection; however, the mechanisms of their action have remained elusive. To study IFN-${\lambda}$ biology, such as endocytosis of IFN-${\lambda}$, we produced monoclonal antibodies (Abs) against human IFN-${\lambda}$ and examined their usefulness. Methods: We purified recombinant human IFN-${\lambda}$1 expressed in Escherichia coli by using affinity columns. Then, we generated hybridoma cells by fusing myeloma cells with splenocytes from IFN-${\lambda}$1-immunized mice. For evaluating the neutralizing activity of the monoclonal Abs against IFN-${\lambda}$1, we performed RT-PCR for the MxA transcript. In order to study the binding activity of IFN-${\lambda}$ and the monoclonal Ab complex on HepG2 cells, we labeled the monoclonal Ab with rhodamine and determined the fluorescence intensity. Results: Four hybridoma clones secreting Abs specific to IFN-${\lambda}$1 were generated and designated as HL1, HL2, HL3, and HL4. All the Abs reacted with IFN-${\lambda}$1 in the denatured form as well as in the native form. Abs produced by HL1, HL3, and HL4 did not neutralize the induction of the MxA gene by IFN-${\lambda}$1. We also demonstrated the binding of the HL1 monoclonal anbitody and IFN-${\lambda}$ complex on HepG2 cells. Conclusion: Monoclonal Abs against IFN-${\lambda}$1 were produced. These Abs can be used to study the cellular binding and internalization of IFN-${\lambda}$.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.229-236
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• 2004

Background: Disialoganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed on tumor cells of neuroectodermal origin, such as melanoma, small cell lung carcinoma and neuroblastoma. Immunity against GD2 has anti-tumor activities, but GD2 is poorly immunogenic. Anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic GD2 may induce more effective immune responses than GD2 antigen itself, because they are protein antigens and are known to be able to break immune tolerance. In our previous study, we produced anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking GD2 (3A4 and 3H9), which induced humoral immunity. However, cellular immunity is essential to eradicate tumor cells in vivo as well as humoral immunity. In the present study, we investigated whether these anti-idiotypic antibodies 3A4 and 3H9 could induce cellular immunes responses. Methods: BALB/C mice were immunized with anti-idiotypic antibody 3A4 or 3H9, or normal mouse IgG as a negative control. Lymphoproliferative responses, cytokine production responses, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions were measured in mice immunized with the anti-idiotypic antibodies. Results: Both the anti-idiotypic antibody 3A4 and 3H9 induced GD2-specific lymphoproliferative responses and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production of lymph node lymphocytes in BALB/C mice. Only anti-idiotypic antibody 3H9 induced significant GD2-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mice. Conclusion: These results show that anti-idiotypic antibodies 3A4 and 3H9 have the potentiality of inducing GD2-specific cellular immune responses that cannot be induced by the native antigen GD2 itself.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.196-206
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• 2012

Besides their role as building blocks of protein, there are growing evidences that some amino acids have roles in regulating key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity. Here, we evaluated the modulatory functions of several amino acids in protective immunity against mucosal infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We found that glutamine (Gln) and leucine (Leu) showed enhanced protective immunity to HSV-1 mucosal infection when two administration of Gln and single administration of Leu per day, but not when administered in combinations. Ameliorated clinical signs of HSV-1 challenged mice by the intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu were closely associated with viral burden and IFN-${\gamma}$ production in the vaginal tract at 2 and 4 days post-infection. In addition, the enhanced production of vaginal IFN-${\gamma}$ appeared to be caused by NK and HSV-1 antigen-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells recruited into vaginal tract of mice treated with Gln and Leu, which indicates that IFN-${\gamma}$, produced by NK and Th1-type CD4+ T cells, may be critical to control the outcome of diseases caused by HSV-1 mucosal infection. Collectively, our results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu following HSV-1 mucosal infection could provide beneficial effects for the modulation of protective immunity, but dosage and frequency of administration should be carefully considered, because higher frequency and overdose of Gln and Leu, or their combined treatment, showed detrimental effects to protective immunity.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.157-162
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• 2013

Application of vaccine materials through oral mucosal route confers great economical advantage in animal farming industry due to much less vaccination cost compared with that of injection-based vaccination. In particular, oral administration of recombinant protein antigen against foot-and- mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an ideal strategy because it is safe from FMDV transmission during vaccine production and can induce antigen-specific immune response in mucosal compartments, where FMDV infection has been initiated, which is hardly achievable through parenteral immunization. Given that effective delivery of vaccine materials into immune inductive sites is prerequisite for effective oral mucosal vaccination, M cell-targeting strategy is crucial in successful vaccination since M cells are main gateway for luminal antigen influx into mucosal lymphoid tissue. Here, we applied previously identified M cell-targeting ligand Co1 to VP1 of FMDV in order to test the possible oral mucosal vaccination against FMDV infection. M cell-targeting ligand Co1-conjugated VP1 interacted efficiently with M cells of Peyer's patch. In addition, oral administration of ligand-conjugated VP1 enhanced the induction of VP1-specific IgG and IgA responses in systemic and mucosal compartments, respectively, in comparison with those from oral administration of VP1 alone. In addition, the enhanced VP1-specific immune response was found to be due to antigen-specific Th2-type cytokine production. Collectively, it is suggested that the M cell-targeting strategy could be applied to develop efficient oral mucosal vaccine against FMDV infection.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.1875-1882
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• 2013

Micro-array technology contributes numerous achievements such as ordering of gene network and integration of genomic. This technology is well established as means for investigating patterns of gene expression. DNA micro-arrays utilize Affymetric chips where a large quantity of DNA sequences may be synthesized. There are two general type of conventional DNA array spotter: contact and piezoelectric. The contact technology used spotting pin technology to make contact with the glass slide surface. This may caused damage or scratches to the surface matrix where protein will be contaminated and may not bind specifically. Piezoelectric technology available at this present time on the other hand requires the analyzer to print the result that can only be done within the laboratory despite of mass production. Therefore, in this paper, high-throughput technology is developed for providing greater consistency in feature spot without touching the glass slide surface.

• Bioinformatics and Biosystems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 2006

Recent studies in molecular biology and proteomics have identified a significant number of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic disease markers. However, validation of these markers in clinical specimens with traditional histopathological techniques involves low throughput and is time consuming and labor intensive. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) offer a means of combining tens to hundreds of specimens of tissue onto a single slide for simultaneous analysis. This capability is particularly pertinent in the field of cancer for target verification of data obtained from cDNA micro arrays and protein expression profiling of tissues, as well as in epidemiology-based investigations using histochemical/immunohistochemical staining or in situ hybridization. In combination with automated image analysis, TMA technology can be used in the global cellular network analysis of tissues. In particular, this potential has generated much excitement in cardiovascular disease research. The following review discusses recent advances in the construction and application of TMAs and the opportunity for developing novel, highly sensitive diagnostic tools for the early detection of cardiovascular disease.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.11
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• pp.2784-2799
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• 2012

Biological data have been increased exponentially in recent years, and analyzing these data using data mining tools has become one of the major issues in the bioinformatics research community. This paper focuses on the protein construction process in higher organisms where the deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, sequence is filtered. In the process, "unmeaningful" DNA sub-sequences (called introns) are removed, and their meaningful counterparts (called exons) are retained. Accurate recognition of the boundaries between these two classes of sub-sequences, however, is known to be a difficult problem. Conventional approaches for recognizing these boundaries have sought for solely enhancing machine learning techniques, while inherent nature of the data themselves has been overlooked. In this paper we present an approach which makes use of the data attributes inherent to species in order to increase the accuracy of the boundary recognition. For experimentation, we have taken the data sets for four different species from the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) data repository, divided the data sets based on the species types, then trained a preprocessed version of the data sets on neural network(NN)-based and support vector machine(SVM)-based classifiers. As a result, we have observed that each species has its own specific features related to the splice sites, and that it implies there are related distances among species. To conclude, dividing the training data set based on species would increase the accuracy of predicting splicing junction and propose new insight to the biological research.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-108
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• 2010

Objective : Thujae Orientalis Folium (TOF) can cool the blood and stop bleeding, eliminate phlegm and relieve cough in Oriental medicine. In addition, the fresh is used alone externally. Recently, TOF is known to have anti-tumor component. And also known to have tyrosinase inhibitory effect. Method : For these reasons, this study was designed to investigate anti-cancer and whitening activities of TOF. In this experiment, effects of TOF on proliferation rates of melanoma cells and on changes in genetic profiles were investigated. The genetic profile for the effect on human derived melanoma cell, SK-MEL-2, was measured using microarray technique, and the functional analysis on these genes was conducted. Results : Total 541 genes were up-regulated and 1,079 genes down-regulated in cells treated with TOF. Genes induced by TOF were mainly concerned with anti-cancer effects and apoptosis. Genes suppresed by TOF were related in extracellular signalling pathway. The network of total protein interactions was measured using cytoscape program, and some key molecules, such as THAP1, MAX1, STAM2, SMAD6, CYCS, PEX5, PSEN1, NONO, MAP2K7 and CREB1 that can be used for elucidation of therapeutical mechanism of medicine in future were identified. Conculusion : These results suggest possibility of TOF as anti-cancer drug for human melanoma. In addition, the present author also suggest that related mechanisms are involved in inhibition of several cancer pathway, activation of apoptosis pathway and suppression of general metabolic pathway.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.115-125
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• 2020

Resveratrol has been reported to exert anticancer activity via modulation of multiple pathways and genes. In this study, we examined the effect of resveratrol on YD-10B human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and its molecular mechanisms of action. We found that resveratrol inhibited the proliferation of YD-10B cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The suppressive effect of resveratrol was accompanied by a reduction in Bmi-1 gene expression. We observed that silencing the Bmi-1 gene by small interfering RNA effectively downregulated the levels of GLUT1 mRNA and protein, which were also repressed by resveratrol. Bmi-1 silencing increased the number of YD-10B cells in S-phase arrest by approximately 2.3-fold compared with the control. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate, for the first time, that resveratrol suppresses Bmi-1-mediated GLUT1 expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and suggest that the specific molecular targeting of Bmi-1 and/or GLUT1 expression can be combined with a chemotherapeutic strategy to improve the response of oral cancer cells to resveratrol.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.169-178
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• 2006

Background: Adipose tissues were initially introduced as energy storages, but recently they have become famous as an endocrine organ which produces and secretes various kinds of molecules to make physiologic and metabolic changes in human body. It has been studied that these molecules are secreted in abundance as the adipose tissue becomes bigger along with obesity. Furthermore, it has been found that they are mediating systemic inflammation and generation of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. On the basis of these, we studied previous papers which have been researched about the interaction between preadipocytes and macrophages, adipose tissues and lymph nodes, and adipose tissue secreting molecules. Results: Firstly, preadipocytes and macrophages are expressing similar transcriptomes and proteins, and preadipocytes can be converted to mature macrophages which have phagocytic activity. Moreover, the monocytes, which initially located in the bone marrow, are filtrated to the adipose tissue by monocyte chemotatic protein-1 and are matured to macrophages by colony stimulating factor-1. Secondly, adipose tissues and their associated lymph nodes are interacting each other in terms of energy efficiency. Lymph nodes promote lipolysis in adipose tissues, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipocytes become energy sources for dendritic cells. Lastly, adipose tissues produce and secrete proinflammatory molecules such as leptin, adiponectin, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and acute phase proteins, which induce the inflammation and potentially generate metabolic diseases. Conclusion: According to these, we can link adipose tissues to inflammation, but we need to affirm the actual levels and roles of adipose tissue-derived proinflammatory molecules in human body.