• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2023

Sirtuins (SIRTs) belong to the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase family. They are key regulators of cellular and physiological processes, such as cell survival, senescence, differentiation, DNA damage and stress response, cellular metabolism, and aging. SIRTs also influence carcinogenesis, making them potential targets for anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this study, we investigated the anticancer properties and underlying molecular mechanisms of a novel SIRT1 inhibitor, MHY2251, in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. MHY2251 reduced the viability of various human CRC cell lines, especially those with wild-type TP53. MHY2251 inhibited SIRT1 activity and SIRT1/2 protein expression, while promoting p53 acetylation, which is a target of SIRT1 in HCT116 cells. MHY2251 treatment triggered apoptosis in HCT116 cells. It increased the percentage of late apoptotic cells and the sub-G1 fraction (as detected by flow cytometric analysis) and induced DNA fragmentation. In addition, MHY2251 upregulated the expression of FasL and Fas, altered the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, downregulated the levels of pro-caspase-8, -9, and -3 proteins, and induced subsequent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. The induction of apoptosis by MHY2251 was related to the activation of the caspase cascade, which was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with Z-VAD-FMK, a pan-caspase inhibitor. Furthermore, MHY2251 stimulated the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and MHY2251-triggered apoptosis was blocked by pre-treatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor. This finding indicated the specific involvement of JNK in MHY2251-induced apoptosis. MHY2251 shows considerable potential as a therapeutic agent for targeting human CRC via the inhibition of SIRT1 and activation of JNK/p53 pathway.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2013

MAPKs는 다양한 세포자극에 반응하는 중요한 세포신호전달경로이며, 특히 세포의 생존과 사멸과정에 관여한다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 위궤양의 진행에 있어 MAPKs의 세포특이적 활성에 관한 연구결과들에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 이부프로펜에 의해 유도된 위궤양의 진행에 있어 활성화된 MAPKs가 다양한 세포들에 어떻게 분포하는지를 실험하였다. 위궤양 유발은 200 mg/kg 이부프로펜을 하루에 8시간간격으로 3번 투여하였다. 동물부검은 이부프로펜을 투여한 후 24, 48, 72시간에 실시하였고, 위조직은 면역조직화학 및 웨스턴블랏에 사용되었다. 활성화된 p-ERK는 정상 랫드 위점막상피의 위상피증식층에서만 주로 발현되었으나, 이부프로펜을 투여한 후 24시간째에는 위기저부의 벽세포들에서 강하게 발현되었다. 이부프로펜을 투여 후 48시간 경과한 군에 있어서는 위궤양에 인접한 위점막상피 또는 위궤양 기저부의 결합조직에 나타난 신생혈관, 염증세포 및 육아조직에서 p-ERK가 강하게 발현되었다. 반면에 p-JNK는 초기 위점막손상을 나타내는 위표면점막상피와 샘위의 점막상피세포의 핵에서 주로 발현되었다. 점차적으로 p-JNK는 위궤양 기저부의 결합조직내에 침윤된 염증세포, 섬유모세포에서 특히 강하게 염색되었다. P-p38 양성세포는 위점막의 결합조직내에서 분산되어 관찰되었으며, 특히 위궤양 기저부의 결합조직내로 침윤된 대식 세포에 강한 염색성을 나타내었다. 이상의 연구결과는 각각의 MAPK들이 위궤양진행에 있어 특정세포들의 활성화에 관여하는 것으로 보여진다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.648-657
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• 2015

H9, a novel herbal extract, demonstrated cytotoxicity in A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. In this study, we investigated whether H9, and/or co-treatment with an anticancer drug, pemetrexed (PEM), inhibited tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice models bearing A549 NSCLC cells. The mice were separated into groups and administered H9 and PEM for 2 weeks. Protein and mRNA levels were detected using western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively; immunohistochemistry (IHC) was also performed on the tumor tissues. H9 and co-treatment with PEM induced the cleavage of proapoptotic factors, such as caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP). Expression levels of cell-death receptors involving Fas/FasL, TNF-related apoptosisinducing ligands (TRAIL), and TRAIL receptors were increased by H9 and co-treatment with PEM. Furthermore, analysis of levels of cell-cycle modulating proteins indicated that tumor cells were arrested in the G1/S phase. In addition, the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt survival signaling pathways were inhibited by H9 and co-treatment with PEM. In conclusion, H9 and co-treatment with PEM inhibited tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice models bearing A549 NSCLC cells. These results indicate that H9 and co-treatment with PEM can be used as an anticancer therapy in NSCLC.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.187-190
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• 2004

PKC는 그들의 cofactor-requirments에 따라 cPKC, nPKC 그리고 aPKC, 3그룹으로 나어진다. 마우스 난 성숙과정에 있어서 cPKC 및 nPKC의 activators인 PMA의 영향에 대한 많은 결과가 보고되었다. 그러나 각각의 그룹에 대한 차별화된 영향에 대하여는 밝혀져 있지 않다. Mezerein의 analog인 thymeleatoxin은 cPKC의 특이적인 activator로 보고되어져 있다. 본 연구에서는 specific cPKC activator인 thymeleatoxin의 마우스 난 성숙과정에의 영향을 제1감수분열 재개 능(germinal vesicle break down, GVBD)과 제1 극체 형성 능(1st polar body extrusion)을 조사하여 cPKC및 nPKC activator인 PMA와 비교 검토하였다. 그 결과 GVBD IC50는 thymeleatoxin에서 ～400nM, PMA에서는 ～50nM이었으며, 제1극체 방출의 IC50는 thymeleatoxin에서 ～200nM, PMA에서는 ～20nM이었다. 이들 결과는 Thymeleatoxin의 GVBD나 1st polar body extrusion 저해효과가 PMA에 비하여 1/8～1/10인 것으로 나타났다. 이들 결과는 GVBD나 제1극체 형성을 포함하는 난 성숙과정에서 cPKC보다 상대적으로 nPKC의 관여가 깊음을 보여 준다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6829-6835
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• 2014

Chemotherapy is the primary therapy for malignant lymphoma (ML). However, the clinical outcome is still far from satisfactory. Consequently, an understanding of the mechanism of modulating cancer cell invasion, migration and metastasis is important for the development of more effective chemotherapeutic agents. FNC, 2'-deoxy-2'-${\beta}$-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine, a novel cytidine analogue, has demonstrated significantly inhibitory effects on proliferation of several non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. A previous study indicated that FNC effectively inhibited the growth of Raji and JeKo-1 cells in dose-time dependent effects with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.2{\mu}M$ and $0.097{\mu}M$, respectively. This study was focused on investigating the anti-invasive properties of FNC on NHL cells and its potential mechanisms of action. Cell adhesion and transwell chamber assays were utilized to investigate the anti-invasive effects of FNC on Raji and JeKo-1 cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were employed to qualify the expression of ${\beta}$-catenin, the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-$3{\beta}$), E-cadherin vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The results revealed that FNC remarkably inhibited the adhesion, migration and invasion of two human aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, ${\beta}$-catenin, MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF mRNA and protein levels were decreased after FNC treatment, while GSK-$3{\beta}$ and E-cadherin increased. Our studies thus provide evidence and a rationale that FNC may offer an effective chemotherapeutic agent by regulating the invasion and metastasis of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma via inhibition of the Wnt/${\beta}$-catenin signaling pathway.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2000

The chloroform and methanol (2;1, v/v) extract from an edible plant, Actinidia arguta Planchon, appeared to possess antitumor activity against human leukemias Jurkat T and U937 cells through inducing apoptosis. The substance in the solvent extract was purified by silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Characteristics of the substance analyzed by UV scanning analysis, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra suggested that the substance belongs to the chlorophyll derivatives-like group. The $IC_{50}$ value of the chlorophyll derivative (Cp-D) determined by MTT assay was $15\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for Jurkat, $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for U937, and $11.4\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for HL-60m and was more toxic to these leukemias than to solid tumors or normal fibroblast. In order to elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity, the effect of the Cp-D on Jurkat T cells was investigated. When cells were treated with the Cp-D at a concentration of $15\mu\textrm{g}/ml$, [3H]thymidine incorporation declined rapidly and wa undetectable in 1h. However, no significant changes were made in the cell cycle distribution of the cells by 24h. The sub-Gl peak representing apoptotic cells began to be detectable in 36h, at which time apoptotic DNA fragmentation was also detected on agarose gel electrophoresis, demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect of the Cp-D is attributable to the induced apoptosis. Under the same conditions, although the protein level of cyclin-dependent kinases such as cdc4, csk6, cdk2, and cdc2 was not significantly changed until 24h, the kinase activity of all c안 rapidly declined and reached a minimum level within 1-6h and then recovered to the initial level by 12h and sustained until 24h. These results suggest that inactivation of cdks at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle progression in jurkat T cells following a treatment with the Cp-D leads to induction of apoptotic cell death.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3595-3604
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• 2015

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been one of the most fatal malignant tumors worldwide and its associated morbidity and mortality remain of significant concern. Based on in-depth reviews of serological diagnosis of HCC, in addition to AFP, there are other biomarkers: Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3), descarboxyprothrombin (DCP), tyrosine kinase with Ig and eprdermal growth factor (EGF) homology domains 2 (TIE2)-espressing monocytes (TEMs), glypican-3 (GPC3), Golgi protein 73 (GP73), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) have been proposed as biomarkers for the early detection of HCC. The diagnosis of HCC is primarily based on noninvasive standard imaging methods, such as ultrasound (US), dynamic multiphasic multidetector-row CT (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Some experts advocate gadolinium diethyl-enetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) MRI and contrast-enhanced US as the promising imaging madalities of choice. With regard to recent advancements in tissue markers, many cuting-edge technologies using genome-wide DNA microarrays, qRT-PCR, and proteomic and inmunostaining studies have been implemented in an attempt to identify markers for early diagnosis of HCC. Only less than half of HCC patients at initial diagnosis are at an early stage treatable with curative options: local ablation, surgical resection, or liver transplant. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is considered the standard of care with palliation for intermediate stage HCC. Recent innovative procedures using drug-eluting-beads and radioembolization using Yttrium-90 may exhibit beneficial effects in HCC treatment. During the past few years, several molecular targeted agents have been evaluated in clinical trials in advanced HCC. Sorafenib is currently the only approved systemic treatment for HCC. It has been approved for the therapy of asymptomatic HCC patients with well-preserved liver function who are not candidates for potentially curative treatments, such as surgical resection or liver transplantation. In the USA, Europe and particularly Japan, hepatitis C virus (HCV) related HCC accounts for most liver cancer, as compared with Asia-Pacific regions, where hepatitis B virus (HBV) may play a more important role in HCC development. HBV vaccination, while a vaccine is not yet available against HCV, has been recognized as a best primary prevention method for HBV-related HCC, although in patients already infected with HBV or HCV, secondary prevention with antiviral therapy is still a reasonable strategy. In addition to HBV and HCV, attention should be paid to other relevant HCC risk factors, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease due to obesity and diabetes, heavy alcohol consumption, and prolonged aflatoxin exposure. Interestingly, coffee and vitamin K2 have been proven to provide protective effects against HCC. Regarding tertiary prevention of HCC recurrence after surgical resection, addition of antiviral treatment has proven to be a rational strategy.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.324-336
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• 2004

Objectives : The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI on alteration in gene expression in a hypoxia model using cultured rat cortical cells. Methods : E18 rat cortical cells were grown in a Neurobasal medium containing B27 supplement. On 12 DIV, Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI(20 ug/ml) was added to the culture media and left for 24 hrs. On 11 DIV, cells were given a hypoxic insult $(2%\;O_2/5%\;CO_2,\;37^{\circ}C,\;3\;hrs)$, returned to normoxia and cultured for another 24 hrs. Total RNA was prepared from Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI-untreated (control) and -treated cultures and alteration in gene expression was analysed by microarray using rat 5K-TwinChips. Results : For most of the genes altered in expression, the Global M values were between -0.5 to +0.5. Among these, 1143 genes increased in their expression by more than Global M +0.1, while 1161 genes decreased by more than Global M -0.1. Effects on some of the genes whose functions are implicated in neural viability are as follows: 1) The expression of apoptosis-related genes such as Bad (Global M = 0.39), programmed cell death-2(Pdcd2) (Global M = 0.20) increased, while Purinergic receptor P2X(P2rxl) Global M = -0.22), Bc12-like1(Bc1211)(Global M = -0.19) decreased. 2) The expression of 'response to stress-related genes such as antioxidation-related AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma 1 gene (Prkag1) (Global M = 0.14), catalase gene (Global M = 0.14) and Heme Oxygenase(Hmoxl) increased. 3) The expression of Fos like antigen 2 (Fos12) expressed in neurons that survive ischemic insult increased (Global M = 0.97). Conclusions : these data suggest that Scutellaria baicalensis GEORGI increases the expression of antiapoptosis- and antioxidation- related genes in a way that can not yet be explained.

• 한국수의병리학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 1999

The present study was undertaken to compare the variation on serum biochemical values by storage in the rats. Sera were prepared from 30 Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex. 5 aliquots from each serum were placed in a -80$^{\circ}C$ freezer with the exception of I aliquots which was analyzed immediately. The analysis was performed on the following months; 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months after freezing. The parameters measured) were aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), blood urea nitrogen(BUN) creatinine(CRE), glucose(GLU), total cholesterol(TCHO), triglyceride (TG), total protein(TP), albumin(ALB), total bilirubin(TBIL), calcium(Ca$\^$＋＋/), inorganic phosphorus(IP), creatine kinase (CK), phospholipid(PL), albumin-globulin ratio(A/G), sodium(Na$\^$＋/), potassium(K$\^$＋/), and chloride(Cl$\^$－/) The statistical analysis with Repeated Measures ANOVA, did not show statistical significance in the parameters of AST, ALT, BUN, TG, CK, A/G, Na$\^$＋/ of 1 month freezed sera, in those of AST, TG, CK, K$\^$＋/) of 2 month freezed sera, in those of AST, ALT, BUN, CRE, TCHO, TP, TBIL, CK, PL, Na$\^$＋/), K$\^$＋/), Ct on month fteezed sera, in those of Cl$\^$－/ of 6 month fteezed sera, and in those of ALT, TG, ALB of 12 month freezed sera in male SD rats. On the other hand, it did not show statistical significance in the parameters of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, GLU, TCHO, TG, TBIL, CK, PL, A/G, Na$\^$＋/ of 1 month freezed sera, in those of AST, TCHO of 2 month freezed sera, in those of AST, BUN, CRE, TCHO, TP, TBIL, CK, PL of 3 month freezed sera, in those of TCHO, IP, PL of 6 month freezed sera, and in those of ALB of 12 month freezed sera in female SD rats. On the basis of the results, although there are some statistical variations in the biochemical values of the sera, it is suggested that if sera are analysed at the same time before 12 months storage in a －80 $^{\circ}C$ freezer, the storing time does not affect the biochemical evaluation of the sera in SD rats.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2011

Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3${\beta}$)의 선택적 저해제인 Kenpaullone가 B16 멜라노마 및 사람의 멜라노사이트에 미치는 멜라닌 합성능을 조사하였다. Kepaullone은 B16 멜라노마 및 사람의 멜라노사이트에 대하여 세포증식에는 영향이 없는 범위 내에서 농도 의존적으로 멜라닌 합성을 촉진시켰다. B16 멜라노마 세포에 Kenpaullone을 첨가 48 h 후 tyrosinase 활성이 증가하였으며, 농도별 처리에 대하여 tyrosinase 단백질의 발현 및 tyrosinase mRNA양이 증가함을 관찰하였다. 결론적으로 Kenpaullone는 B16 멜라노마 세포에서 tyrosinase 효소의 발현을 증가시켜 멜라닌 합성을 촉진하는 것으로 판단되어진다. 따라서 GSK3${\beta}$ 저해제가 멜라닌 합성을 촉진시키는 결과는 백반증과 같은 저색소관련 질병의 치료제 개발의 가능성을 갖고 있는 소재로서 응용가능하리라고 판단되어진다.