• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.559-567
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• 2015

Ex vivo digestion of proteins and fat in Red Chittagong Cattle milk from Bangladesh was carried out using human gastrointestinal enzymes. This was done to investigate the protein digestion in this bovine breed's milk with an especial focus on the degradation of the allergenic milk proteins; ${\alpha}_{s1}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and also to record the generation of peptides. Lipolysis of the milk fat and release of fatty acids were also under consideration. After 40 min of gastric digestion, all the ${\alpha}_s$-caseins were digested completely while ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin remained intact. During 120 min of duodenal digestion ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin was reduced, however, still some intact ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin was observed. The highest number of peptides was identified from ${\beta}$-casein and almost all the peptides from ${\kappa}$-casein and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were identified from the gastric and duodenal samples, respectively. No lipolysis was observed in the gastric phase of digestion. After 120 min of duodenal digestion, milk fat showed 48% lipolysis. Medium (C10:0 to C16:0) and long (${\geq}C17:0$) chain fatty acids showed 6% to 19% less lipolysis than the short (C6:0 to C8:0) chain fatty acids. Among the unsaturated fatty acids $C18:1{\sum}others$ showed highest lipolysis (81%) which was more than three times of $C18:2{\sum}all$ and all other unsaturated fatty acids showed lipolysis ranging from 32% to 38%. The overall digestion of Bangladeshi Red Cattle milk was more or less similar to the digestion of Nordic bovine milk (Norwegian Red Cattle).

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.567-572
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• 1999

We have previously shown that a DNA fragment is responsible for the anticoagulatory effect of an earthworm, Lumbricus rubellus. The anticoagluant increased the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and also inhibited the thrombin activity observed with either N-${\alpha}$-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) or H-D-phenyl-alanyl-L-pipecoil-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (S-2238). Since trypsin digestion of the anticoagulant further increased the APTT, the possible presence of a regulatory protein for the anticoagulatory DNA was investigated by digesting the anticoagulant with trypsin and isolating the DNA fragment with C4-reversed phase HPLC. The DNA fragment lacking a regulatory protein was eluted in the flow-through fraction, and analyzed with thrombin and activated factor X. Activated factor X activity was more strongly inhibited than thrombin activity. For DNA digestion, we treated the anticoagulant with DNase and purified the DNA-binding protein with a FPLC Resource-S cation exchange column. The regulatory protein, with an $M_r$ of 55.0 kDa, reduced the anticoagulatory effect of the DNA fragment.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.07a
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• pp.1466-1467
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• 2008

We describe here a novel micro total analysis system for the purification and identification of the affinity-captured proteins. Also we demonstrated the mass analysis of the Carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) and Alpha femtoprotein which were chosen as the target cancer marker. For MALDI-TOF analyses, the proteins should to be separated from a protein mixture and be concentrated when needed. This procedure usually takes a long time even before protease-digested samples are to be obtained from them. Here, we describe integrated and efficient micro chip for protein purification and digestion for MALDI-TOF analyses. At first, disease protein is purified by passing the micro chamber from a protein mixture or human whole serum and released from the micro affinity beads by thermal heating. Purified protein is then transfer to the hole for trypsin digestion. The final sample is analyzed by MALDI-TOF. All the processes could be finished successfully within one hour, which renders MALDI-TOF analyses of a target protein quite simple.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1972

In Korea, fermented fish has been playing an important role as a preserved and flavor rich food. It is said that the digestion of fish protein is due to both action of intrinsic (autolytic enzymes) and bacterial enzymes in fish. The mass production of fermented fish has been impeded since traditional method of fermentation requires a long duration for a complete digestion. A high concentration of salt and unsanitary condition are also considered disadvantages of the old method. To improve the quality of the product and to develop mechanized process of fermentation, fermentors which have such control device as temperature, pH and agitation control system have been urgently needed. In this study, a model design of a fermentor is studied. The calculation was based on the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of fish protein which involve temperature, pH, viscosity and other factors.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.71-74
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• 2007

오늘날 생물학 데이터베이스 시스템은 끊임없이 증가하고 복잡하게 연결되는 데이터를 처리해야 할 필요성과 데이터양의 증가만큼이나 빨리 성장하는 사용자들의 요구에 부응해야 하는 필요성에 직면해 있다. 이 논문에서는 기존의 생물학 데이터베이스 시스템의 특징을 살펴본 후, 현재 당뇨 관련 데이터베이스가 존재하지 않으므로 당뇨 연구를 위한 포괄적인 정보 제공과 사용의 편의를 제공하기 위하여 생물학 관련 데이터베이스를 교차 참조한 당뇨 연구용 데이터베이스를 설계하였다. 본 논문에서 설계한 데이터베이스는 Genetic Information, Protein Information, In Silico digestion, 그리고 Chemical Information 4개의 메뉴로 구성하였다. Genetic Information과 Protein Information은 Cross-Reference를 통한 관련 데이터베이스와 연결시켰고, Protein Information에서 PDB 코드가 존재할 경우 3차원 분자 구조를 제공한다. 아울러 단백질 동정시에 활용할 수 있는 선택된 효소처리 후의 펩타이드의 이론적 질량값을 계산하도록 구현(In Silico Digestion)하였으며, 당뇨 관련 주요 단백질의 화합물들의 구조를 제공하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.830-835
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• 2004

An experiment of 10 weeks duration was carried out to study the influence of supplemental effective microorganism (EM) culture, yeast culture and enzymes on nutrient digestibility and gut microflora in rabbit gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Twenty four eight to nine weeks old, New Zealand White rabbits were allotted to four dietary treatments; a basal (control) feed, basal feed supplemented with either EM (1%), yeast culture or enzymes (400 ppm). Nutrient flow in digesta and their digestibility at ileum, caecum, colon and in the total tract as well as gut microflora distribution were studied. Feed dry matter was diluted from 92% to about 14% up to the ileum and about 95% of this water was reabsorbed by the colonic rectal segment followed by caecum (25%). EM and yeast improved protein digestibility at a lower rate than enzymes. Ileal, caecal, colonic and total tract digestibility of crude protein with enzymes were higher by 10.8, 9.4, 11.3 and 10.7%, respectively, as compared to the control. Yeast and enzymes increased crude fiber digestibility at ileum, caecum, colon and in the total tract by 8.5, 9.6, 9.0 and 8.3%, respectively, while EM improved them at a lower rate. Irrespective of treatments, total tract digestibility of crude protein (0.698-0.773) and fiber (0.169-0.183) were greater (p<0.05) than the ileal digestibility. Even though a post-caecal protein digestibility was observed, fiber digestion seemed to be completed in the caecum especially with yeast and enzymes. High precaecal digestibility of crude fiber (97%) and protein (95%) were observed even without additives probably due to caecotrophy. EM and yeast culture promoted the growth of lactic acid bacteria especially in the caecum but they did not influence gut yeast and mould. Present findings reveal that even though rabbits digest nutrients efficiently through hind gut fermentation, they can be further enhanced by EM, yeast and enzymes. Of the three additives tested, enzymes found to be the best.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1634-1641
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• 2003

In vivo digestion and metabolism trials were conducted with 10 wethers equipped with ruminal, abomasal, and ileal cannulae to evaluate digestion of ensiled broiler litter (EBL), deepstacked broiler litter (DBL), and composted broiler litter (CBL). Wethers were fed a low protein (6.3% CP) basal diet alone or supplemented to 10.3% CP with EBL, DBL, CBL or soybean meal (SBM). All diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (56% TDN, DM basis). Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, and ADF were not affected (p<0.05) by diet, but digestibility of CP was improved (p<0.05) by N supplementation. Apparent digestibility of CP was lower (p<0.05) for diets supplemented with CBL and DBL than for diets supplemented with SBM and EBL. Ruminal $NH_3$ concentration was 20 to 24 mg/dl at 2 h after feeding litter-supplemented diets compared with 13 mg/dl for SBM. Abomasal N, $NH_3$ N, and nonammonia N flows were increased (p<0.05) by N supplementation, whereas microbial N flow was not influenced (p<0.05) by diet. Compared with SBM and EBL, undegraded dietary CP flow to the abomasum tended to be greater (p<0.1) when wethers were fed DBL and CBLsupplemented diets. Retention of N (g/d) also was greater (p<0.05) due to greater (p<0.05) N intake and lower (p<0.05) urinary N excretion when wethers were fed diets supplemented with litter (especially EBL) vs. SBM. Overall, characteristics of ruminal fermentation and digestion indicated that broiler litter N was utilized efficiently by wethers, but ensiling may be preferable to deepstacking or composting.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.133-137
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• 1996

Duckweed, an aquatic plant of the family Lemnaceae, is a rich source of protein and also contains cell wall materials. Spirodela, Lemna and Wolffia, the most available species of duckweeds were evaluated in terms of their chemical composition, the rate and extent of digestion of their dry matter(DM) and crude protein(CP) in the rumen and also their acceptability to the cattle. The three species contained CP of 284, 399 and $299g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively; NDF of 471, 574 and $476g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively; ADF of 215, 203 and $227g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively. The rumen digestibilities of DM of the three species for 24 h were 410, 570 and $731g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively and of CP were 528, 740 and $778g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively. The rates of digestion of DM of the three duckweeds were 2.22, 3.63 and $5.73%h^{-1}$, respectively and of CP were 5.14, 4.22 and $6.05%h^{-1}$, respectively. Similarly, the extent of digestion of DM were 853, 723 and $926g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively and of CP were 801, 874 and $943g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively. Mixed duckweeds as a component of a concentrate mixture were eaten by the cattle at the rate of 10% of their live weights. It may be concluded that the dry matter and crude protein of the available duckweeds wee highly degradable in the rumen and may be fed to cattle mixing with concentrates. For the effective utilization of duck weeds as cattle feed their effect on the rumen digestion kinetics of a roughage diet need to be studied carefully.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.12
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• pp.19-24
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• 1969

As a one of the new methods for soybean protein food processings, an attempt was made to decompose steamed soybean protein to amino acids, peptides, and other water soluble forms by the use of protease produced by Aspergillus sojae, and extract them to use as additives of low protein foods or weaning-foods of children. In this paper, as a one part of this subject, the optimum condition, such as optimum pH, temperature, digestion period, raw material's mixing ratio with wheat meal, amount of water added, and effect of sodium chloride addition, to decompose and extract soybean protein were studied. They were obtained when mixing raw materials with wheat meal in the ratio of 10:4 and adding six folds of water at $40-45^{\circ}C$, pH 5-8 for 18 hrs. digestion. Although sodium chloride addition exerted an unfavorable influence upon the decomposition of the aforementioned materials, it was effective to prolongation of digestion period. Under the abovementioned optimum conditions, the maximum extractability of soybean protein as forms of amino acids, peptides, and other water soluble forms, was nearly 70 percent against protein content of raw materials.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.14.1-14.7
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• 2014

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the influence of supplemental urea withdrawal on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) of feedlot cattle during the last 40 days on feed. Treatments consisted of a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with urea to provide urea fermentation potential (UFP) of 0, 0.6, and 1.2%. In Trial 1, six Holstein steers ($160{\pm}10kg$) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a replicated $3{\times}3$ Latin square experiment. Decreasing supplemental urea decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) ruminal OM digestion. This effect was mediated by decreases (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) in ruminal digestibility of NDF and N. Passage of non-ammonia and microbial N (MN) to the small intestine decreased (linear effect, P = 0.04) with decreasing dietary urea level. Total tract digestion of OM (linear effect, P = 0.06), NDF (linear effect, P = 0.07), N (linear effect, P = 0.04) and dietary DE (linear effect, P = 0.05) decreased with decreasing urea level. Treatment effects on total tract starch digestion, although numerically small, likewise tended (linear effect, P = 0.11) to decrease with decreasing urea level. Decreased fiber digestion accounted for 51% of the variation in OM digestion. Ruminal pH was not affected by treatments averaging 5.82. Decreasing urea level decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.05$) ruminal N-NH and blood urea nitrogen. In Trial 2, 90 crossbred steers ($468kg{\pm}8$), were used in a 40 d feeding trial (5 steers/pen, 6 pens/treatment) to evaluate treatment effects on final-phase growth performance. Decreasing urea level did not affect DMI, but decreased (linear effect, $P{\leq}0.03$) ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE. It is concluded that in addition to effects on metabolizable amino acid flow to the small intestine, depriving cattle of otherwise ruminally degradable N (RDP) during the late finishing phase may negatively impact site and extent of digestion of OM, depressing ADG, gain efficiency, and dietary NE.