• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2012

Hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract and alisol B 23-acetate of Alisma orientale were studied in acetaminophen (APAP)-treated rats. APAP increased hepatic content of lipid peroxide, which was suppressed by methanol extract and alisol B 23-acetate. The liver of rats treated with APAP had higher P-450, aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities than those of normal control rats. The increases in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes by the i.p. injection of APAP were significantly alleviated by the administration of methanol extract or alisol B 23-acetate. The injection of APAP also resulted in a substantial reduction of hepatic glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity, and the decreases were partially, but significantly, restrained by the oral administration of methanol extract prior to the i.p. injection of APAP. Hepatic activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and ${\gamma}$-glutamylcystein synthetase ${\gamma}$-GCS) were also decreased significantly in APAP-treated rats. The decreases in hepatic GR and ${\gamma}$-GCS activities by APAP injection were improved partially, but significantly, with administration of methanol extract of A. orientale. Treatment with alisol B 23-acetate also improved the hepatic ${\gamma}$-GCS activity significantly, but not GR.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.403-409
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• 2010

Gardenia jasminoides is a popular traditional herb used to treat inflammatory diseases including liver disorders. This study was performed to examine protective effect of G. jasminoides on galactosamine (GalN)-induced acute hepatitis. Rats were treated intraperitoneally with GalN (700 mg/kg). G. jasminoides (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally 48, 24, and 2 h before and 6 h after GalN injection. Serum ALT and AST activities were significantly increased after GalN injection, and these increases were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Histological studies showed that G. jasminoides inhibited hepatocellular necrosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. GalN decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and this decrease was attenuated by G. jasminoides. Hepatic glutathione content was decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased after GalN treatment and these changes were attenuated by G. jasminoides. Furthermore, the level of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was attenuated by G. jasminoides. The level of interleukin-10 mRNA expression was significantly increased after GalN injection, and this increase was augmented by G. jasminoides. Our results suggest that G. jasminoides ameliorates GalN-induced acute hepatitis and this protection is likely due to antioxidative activity and regulation of inflammatory mediators.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-38
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• 2011

Objectives : Atractylodes chinensis(AC) and Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht(PAR) have been used as anti-inflammatory medicines. However, the effects of AC, PAR and Yimyosan on AP were not examined. To prove this, We decocted the dried prescription of AC and PAR with boiling distilled water and freeze-dried to be powdered. AC, PAR and Yimyosan was administrated intraperitoneally. Methods : 1h after administration, cerulein was injected hourly six times. 6hrs after last cerulein injection, mice were sacrificed, then the pancreas and blood were harvested. Serum amylase and lipase, neutrophil infiltration, pancreatic cytokines were used as the parameter of severity of AP. Results : As a result of assessment the parameters of AP, AC alone treatment did not inhibit the severity of AP, however PAR treatment inhibited the severity of AP significantly. Yimyosan also showed the protective effects against AP at lower doses, however AC alone plus PAR alone extract did not show the protective effects significantly. Conclusions : In conclusion, PAR extract has a protective effects on AP, and the effects could be increased by co-treatment with AC.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.1022-1026
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• 2005

To clarify the toxic effect on cultured neonatal mouse cerebral neurons damaged by ischemia, we examined the cytotoxicity induced by ischemia and the protective effect of antioxidant and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist against ischemia-induced cytotoxicity on cultured cerebral neurons. For this study, mice were administrated with 20ug/kg cyclothiazide or 50U/kg vitamin E via intraperitoneal injection for 2 hours before ischemic induction. After cell culture for 7 days, cell viability, amount of neurofilament and protein kinase C activity were examined. Ischemia decreased significantly cell viability, amount of neurofilament and the increase of protein kinase C activity in these cultures. In the protective effect, vitamin I showed remarkably the increase of cell viability and amount of neurofilament, and the decrease of protein kinase C activity but, cyclothiazide did not showed any protective effect on ischemia-induced cytotoxicity. From these results, it is suggested that vitamin I is effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by ischemia, but cyclothiazide as a AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist is not.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.2.1-2.9
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• 2019

In the present study, the protective effects of Hizikia fusiforme and Chlorella sp. extracts on lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated. Hepatic damage was induced in rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lead acetate and the protective effects of H. fusiforme (HZK) and Chlorella sp. (CHL) extracts on lead acetate-induced hepatic damage in rat liver were examined. The results revealed significantly increased glutamic oxaloacetate and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels in the group treated with lead acetate only (Pb group); oral administration of HZK and CHL extracts tended to decrease the enzyme levels similar to those observed in the control group. Regarding antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase activity was increased in the Pb group and decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the HZK- and CHL-treated groups. Glutathione levels were increased in a concentration-dependent manner in the HZK- and CHL-treated groups. There was no significant difference in catalase activity. Western blot analysis showed inflammation-related protein expression in mitogen-activated protein kinase and Nrf2 pathways was affected in the HZK- and CHL-treated groups. Therefore, HZK and CHL extracts exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against lead acetate-induced hepatotoxicity. Development of functional health foods containing HZK and CHL extracts, which have hepatoprotective effects against inhaled lead acetate, should be considered.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 1993

This study was intended to clarify the protective mechanism of diallyl disulfide on the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. It was observed that a powerfully increment of serum alanine aminotransferase activity and hepatic lipid peroxide content after carbon tetrachloride injection were markedly inhibited by the pretreatment of diallyl disulfide (20mg/kg) for 5 days. It was also observed that hepatic aminopyrine demethylase and xanthine ocidase as free radical generating enzymes as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as free frdical scavenging enzymes and hepatic glutathione content were not changed by the pretreatment with diallyl disulfide. But, treatment with diallyl disulfide did signifiantly increase cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activity. However, glutathione S-transferase activity in the presence of diallyl disulfide was not affected in vitro. Therefore, it is concluded that mechanism for the observed preventive effect ofdiallyl disulfide against the carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity can be due to the engancement of glutathione S-transferase activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 1994

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)(cisplatin) is one of the most effective antitumor agents currently available for cancer therapy. However, its clinical use has been limited by its severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. To evaluate the effect or radical scavengers on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats, cisplatin and Vitamin C were given intraperitoneally. Remarkable protective effects of Vitamin C against nephrotoxicity of cisplatin were observed when Vitamin C was administered to rats 1hr before cisplatin injection. hepatotoxicity induced by combination treament of cisplatin and Vitamin C was evaluated by measuring serum glutamic pyruvate transmainase(sGPT) and serum glutamic oxalate transminase(sGOT). Combination treatment did not affect the levels of sGPT and sGOT, and any combination treatment did not induce metallothionein biosynthesis in kidny, Vitamin C which has radical scavenging effect induce metallothionein biosynthesis in kidney. Vitamin C which has radical scavenging effect directly reduced nephrotoxicity of cisplatin in vivo. Thus, it seems that free radical is the cause of cisplatin nepthrotoxicity. Also, combination treatment did not reduce anticancer activity of cisplatin. The present results indicate that Vitamin C, when it is given with cisplatin, may provide protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity without reducing anticancer activity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 1993

cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(cisplatin) is one of the most effective antitumor agents currently available for cancer therapy. However, its clinical use has been limited by its severe side effects, especially nephrotoxicity. So, to evaluate the effects of 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole(BHA) on cisplatin nephrotoxicity in rats, both compounds were given intraperitoneally. Remarkable protective effects of BHA against nephrotoxicity of cisplatin were observed when BHA was administered to rats 1hr after cisplatin injection. On the other hand pretreatment with BHA 1hr prior to cisplatin did not reduce weight loss, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Hepatotoxicity induced by combination treatment of cisplatin and BHA was evaluated by measuring serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamic oxalate transaminase. Combination treatment did not affect the levels of SGPT and sGOT except 1hr pretreatment. The present results indicate that BHA may provide protection against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, when it is given 1hr after cisplatin.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.771-775
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• 2007

Licorice has been used for cure of injuries and for detoxification in East Asia. This study investigated the protective effect of licorice water extract against cadmium (CdCl$_2$, Cd)-induced nephro-toxicity in rats. To induce acute toxicity, Cd (4 mg/kg body weight) was dissolved in normal saline and then, intravenously (i.v.) injected to animals. In experiments, animals were orally administrated with vehicle or licorice water extract (50-100 mg/kg) for 3 days, exposed to a single injection of Cd after 24 h the last licorice/vehicle treatment. Licorice protected kidney injuries by Cd treatment. The number of glomeruli showing vasodilatation and thickening of Bowman's capsule was dose-dependently decreased by licorice. These results suggest that licorice might be a potent preventive protector against Cd-induced nephro-toxicity in rats.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.293-299
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• 1985

This study is to verify the protective ability against experimental Naegleria meningoencephalitis by immunization with Naegleria fowleri in mice. Naegleria fewleri, strain 0359, and Naegleria gruberi, strain EGB, were used in this study, and cultured in CGVS medium akenically. Inbred BALB/C mice, weighing about 20g, were immunized by three intraperitoneal injection of $1{\times}10^6$ N. fowleri trophozoites at the interval of one week. This N. fowleri trophozoites antigen was fixed with 5% formaldehyde. N. fowleri trophozoites from culture were homogenized with soiicator at $4^{\circ}C$ as monitored by phase contrast microscopy, and their membrane and cell content preparations were made for the immunization of mice. Their inoculation dose in volume was equivalent to the $1{\times}10^6$ trophozoites in each injection for immunization. And N. gruberi trophosoites, whieh was fixed with 5% formaldehyde, were also used for immunisation. Mice were inoculated intranasally with $5{\times}10^4$ N. fowleri trophozoites in a 511 suspension under anesthesia by as intraperitoneal injection of about 1 mg secobarbiturate. Nervousness, rotation or sluggish behaviour were observed in the mice which were infected with N. fewleri. Necrotic lesion was demonstrated in the anterior portion of brain, especially in the olfactory lobe. The inflammatory cell infiltration with numerous H. fowleri trophozoites was noticed. This pathological changes were more extensive in the control than in the experimental groups. Mice were dead due to experimental primary amoebic meningoencephalitis that developed between 8 days and 23 days after inoculation. Mortality rate of the mice was low in the immunized experimental group. Mean survival time, which is the survival duration of mice from the infection to death, was prolonged significantly in the immunized mice except in the mice immunized with JV, fowleri membrane. Even in the mice immunized with N. gruberi, survival time was delayed. In summary, the effectiveness of immunization is demonstrated in terms of protective immunity against Naegleria meningoencephalitis in mice.