• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was carried out to breed and develop high quality and functional nutrient tomato with multi disease resistance as well as a stable growing adaptation for fresh market usage under protected plastic houses cultivation. The materials were used 5 inbred lines and their 6 hybrids of large tomato group, which have been bred and developed from 1999 to 2007 in Division of Plant Resource Department of Chungnam National University. Fruit weight showed hybrid vigor effect that $F_1$ hybrids weighed more than their parent lines, fruit shape formed three type of oblate, deep oblate and globe shape, in firmness and pericarp thickness have got a high significant correlation, inbred DN611 line was measured the most firm fruit with 6.04 mm pericarp thickness. In fruit color at maturity, pink color crossed to red color appeared all red fruit color in the $F_1$ hybrids, it means red skin color is a dominant gene compared to pink skin color is a recessive gene in tomato, while between fruit skin color and shoulder part color showed no any co-relationship. The sugar content and titratable acid of $F_1$ hybrids inherited an intermediate data of their parent lines, the flavor of KP543 inbred line and the hybrid (JB535 x KP543) revealed the better taste with high brix and proper titratable acid content$^{*}$. In beta carotene content DN611 line showed 2~3 times higher than other materials so that its 3 hybrids contained an increased level of beta carotene, lycopene content was not so much difference among inbred lines and $F_1$ hybrids, of them MD508 contained higher of 8.72 mg and hybrid (JB535 x JA517) had 8.05 mg lycopene content per 100 g fruit, overall pink skin color and red skin color measured a higher lycopene content than yellow and orange skin color at ripe stage. In disease resistance test by PCR marker for Fusarium race2 (I2), Nematode (Mi1), ToMV ($Tm2^2$), Cladosporium (Cf9), (JB535 x JA517) hybrid have got multi-resistance with homozygote band in Nematode, ToMV, Cladosporium and heterozygote band in Fusarium race2. Through this breeding program we could select high quality and functional nutrient with multi resistant $F_1$ hybrids and inbred lines in tomato which are two best hybrids (JB535 x MD508), (JB535 x JA517), additionally developed high beta carotene inbred line DN611 and increased the level of lycopene inbred line MD508. These results will be very useful to make a high quality tomato variety continuously.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2023

This study aims to select eggplant cultivars adaptive to the hot temperature period greenhouse climate by water consumption, and growth performance of plants and fruits of different European eggplant cultivars, including 'Bartok (BA)', 'Bowie (BO)', 'Black Pearl (BP)', 'Ishbilia (I)', 'Mabel (M)', 'Vestale (VE)' and 'Velia (VL)', in substrate hydroponic cultivation under hot and humid greenhouse conditions. On the 118 DAT, the leaf number and stem dry weight were highest in 'VL', followed by 'M', and there was no significant difference in leaf dry weight among cultivars. The marketable fruit number per plant was 16.4 for 'M', which was higher than other cultivars, and 'VE' and 'VL' were 8.5 and 8.8, respectively. The weight per fruit was low for 'M' at 136 g, and the highest in 'VE' and 'VL' at 332 and 281 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in fruit production per plant. In this study, 'M', which has high water use efficiency and a large number of fruits, and 'VL', which required less quantity to water consumption for producing 200 g of fruit and had a high product weight, will have excellent adaptability in the UAE greenhouse condition.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.28-50
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• 2024

A fact-finding survey of the Demilitarized Zone can be said to be a very meaningful academic survey linked to previous index surveys of protected military areas and municipal and excavation surveys of ruins and military sites on Mount Dora. Not a few ruins were first discovered in this survey, and the locations, structures, and restoration artifacts of the previously investigated ruins were confirmed differently, raising the need for a detailed investigation. In particular, it is noteworthy that various relics from the Paleolithic Age to the Joseon Dynasty were recovered from relics dispersion sites such as Josan-ri and Cheorwon Gangseo-ri in Paju, and Hoengsan-ri Temple Site is also a Buddhist relic in the Demilitarized Zone. However, in the case of some graveyards and relics sites in the Paju region, it was an opportunity to understand the reality that they are not safe from cultivation and development, and the ruins of Cheorwon Capital Castle, Seongsanseong Fortress, Jorangjin Bastion, and Gangseo-ri Bastion were damaged during the construction of military facilities, and an urgent investigation is needed. Also, farmland and hilly areas around the ruins of Jangdan, Gunnae-myeon, and Gangsan-ri have not been properly investigated for buried cultural assets due to small-scale development. Therefore, it is an important time for the relevant authorities and agencies to cooperate more closely to establish special management and medium- to long-term investigation measures for the cultural heritage in the Demilitarized Zone based on the results of this fact-finding investigation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.40-48
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• 2023

This study is part of a foundational research effort aimed at developing a suitability index for breeding grounds related to avian activities along the domestic South and West coasts, including islands. Focus Group Interviews (FGI) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analyses were conducted. The results are as follows. First, as a result of determining the value of the suitability of coastal bird breeding sites, the 'Natural Value(0.763)' was higher than the 'Artificial Value(0.237)'. Other artificial values were identified as sub-ranked except for 'Protected Areas' to ensure continuous integrity of breeding spaces. Second, as a result of re-establishing the 25 evaluation items classified in the two-time FGI as higher concepts, nine natural values and five artificial values were finally selected as a total of 14. Third, the results of the mid-classification evaluation of the importance of the suitability of coastal bird breeding sites were identified in the order of 'Ecological Value(0.392)', 'Topographic Value(0.251)', 'Passive Interference(0.124)', 'Geological Value(0.120)', and 'Active Interference(0.113)'. Fourth, the results of the priority of evaluation items of coastal bird breeding sites were in the order of 'Vegetation Distribution (0.187)', 'Area of Mudflats(0.118)', 'Presence or Absence of Mudflats(0.092)', 'Appearance of Natural Enemies(0.087)', 'Protected Areas(0.08)', 'Island Area (0.069)', 'Over-Breeding devastation(0.064)', 'Soil Composition Ratio(0.056)', 'Distance from Land(0.054)', 'Ocean farm area (0.045)', 'Cultivated land area(0.041)', 'Cultivation behavior(0.038)', 'Angle of the Surface(0.036)', and 'Land Use(0.033)'. It is judged that the weighting result value of the evaluation items derived in this study can be used for priority evaluation focusing on the coastal bird breeding area space. However, it seems that the correlation with the unique habitat suitability of bird individuals needs to be supplemented, and spatial analysis research incorporating species-specific characteristics will be left as a future task.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.166-172
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• 2018

This study set out to conduct a field survey with smart greenhouse-based farms in seven types to figure out the actual state of smart greenhouses distributed across the nation before selecting a system to implement an optimal greenhouse environment and doing a research on higher productivity based on data related to crop growth, development, and environment. The findings show that the farms were close to an intelligent or advanced smart farm, given the main purposes of leading cases across the smart farm types found in the field. As for the age of farmers, those who were in their forties and sixties accounted for the biggest percentage, but those who were in their fifties or younger ran 21 farms that accounted for approximately 70.0%. The biggest number of farmers had a cultivation career of ten years or less. As for the greenhouse type, the 1-2W type accounted for 50.0%, and the multispan type accounted for 80.0% at 24 farms. As for crops they cultivated, only three farms cultivated flowers with the remaining farms growing only fruit vegetables, of which the tomato and paprika accounted for approximately 63.6%. As for control systems, approximately 77.4% (24 farms) used a domestic control system. As for the control method of a control system, three farms regulated temperature and humidity only with a control panel with the remaining farms adopting a digital control method to combine a panel with a computer. There were total nine environmental factors to measure and control including temperature. While all the surveyed farms measured temperature, the number of farms installing a ventilation or air flow fan or measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide was relatively small. As for a heating system, 46.7% of the farms used an electric boiler. In addition, hot water boilers, heat pumps, and lamp oil boilers were used. As for investment into a control system, there was a difference in the investment scale among the farms from 10 million won to 100 million won. As for difficulties with greenhouse management, the farmers complained about difficulties with using a smart phone and digital control system due to their old age and the utter absence of education and materials about smart greenhouse management. Those difficulties were followed by high fees paid to a consultant and system malfunction in the order.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.284-290
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• 2013

This study analyzed the geometric, compressive, cutting and friction properties of oriental melons in order to design a gripper capable of soft handling and a cutter for cutting oriental melon vine among the end effector of oriental melon as a preliminary step for developing the end effector of the robot capable of harvesting oriental melons in protected cultivation. As a result, the average length, diameter at the midpoint, weight, volume and roundness of the oriental melons were 108 mm, 70 mm, 188 g, 333 mL and 3.8 mm. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed on the equation $W=L^a{\times}D_2^b$ with variation of the length (L) and diameter (D2) of the weight (W) of the oriental melons. As a result, it was shown that there was a correlation between a of 2.0279 and b of -0.9998 as a constant value. The average diameter of the oriental melon vine was 3.8 mm, and most vines were distributed within a radius of 5 mm from the center. The average yield value, compressive strength and hardness of the oriental melons were $36.5N/cm^2$, $185.7N/cm^2$ and $636.7N/cm^2$, respectively. The average cutting force and shear strength of the oriental melon vines were $2.87{\times}10^{-2}\;N$ and $5.60N/cm^2$, respectively. The maximum friction coefficient of the oriental melons was rubber of 0.609, followed by aluminium of 0.393, stainless steel of 0.177 and teflon of 0.079. It was considered possible to apply it to the size of the gripper and cutter, turning radius, dynamics of drive motor and selection of materials and their quality in light of the position error and safety factor according to the movement when designing end effector based on the analyzed data.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

Water drainage from the open hydroponics often causes significant environmental pollution due to agrochemicals and loss of water and nutrients. The objectives of this study were to show the potential application of an irrigation schedule based on threshold values of volumetric substrate water content for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Samsamgu') cultivation in a commercial hydroponic farm during spring to summer cultivation. This study was performed for minimizing effluent from coir substrate hydroponics using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensor-automated irrigation, as compared with an integrated solar-radiation (IR) and conventional timer-irrigation (TIMER) after transplanting. In results, no significant difference in daily irrigation volume was found among the treatments until 88 days after transplant (DAT). However, during the 88 to 107 DAT, the daily irrigation volume was in the order of IR (2125 mL) > TIMER (2063 mL) > FDR (1983 mL), and during the 108 to 120 DAT, it was in the order of IR (2000 mL) > TIMER (1664 mL) > FDR (1500 mL). The lowest drainage volume was observed in the FDR treatment with the order of IR (12~19%) > TIMER (4~12%) > FDR (0~7%) during the entire growing period. A lower irrigation volume in the FDR treatment after 88 DAT may be due to the sensor's detecting capacity for less water absorption by plant after completing fruit maturity with apical pruning and removal of lower leaves, while a higher irrigation volume in the IR treatment may be due to gradual increase in integrated solar-radiation amount as closer to summer season. There was no significant difference in plant growth and fruit yield among the treatments; however, a 11% and 18% of higher soluble sugar content was observed in the FDR than that of TIMER and IR treatment. respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 1998

The greenhouse temperature controls in general have been managed by the above-ground part environment, But the temperature of root zone was known very important factor for the 9rofth and the yield of vegetables in greenhouse. The purpose of this study is to develop a good method for cultivation using solar energy which can apply warming soil and to develop the greenhouse soil temperature automatic control system. Followings are summary of this study：1 When the greenhouse inner temperature changes were about 24$^{\circ}C$ during a day in October, the temperature of non-warmed soil was differenced 6$^{\circ}C$ in the depth 10cm and 3$^{\circ}C$ in the depth 20cm. 2. When water supply temperature was kept at 40, 50 and 6$0^{\circ}C$, the lowest soil temperature in the depth of 10cm is 2$0^{\circ}C$ and that of 20cm was 23$^{\circ}C$. and when the water supply temperature was over 4$0^{\circ}C$, the space heating temperature did not affect the temperature variation of soil. 3. In comparison with conditions of the warmed and non-warmed soil, when the water supply temperature is 28$^{\circ}C$, soil temperatures had the high temperature of 4$0^{\circ}C$~7$^{\circ}C$ in the depth of 10cm to 20 cm. 4. The line of boundary area was appeared in the depth of 15~20cm, 13~19cm and 12~17cm. when the water supply temperature was 4$0^{\circ}C$, 5$0^{\circ}C$ and 6$0^{\circ}C$. 5. When th inner greenhouse air temperature is maintained over 11$^{\circ}C$ and the water supply temperature is supported 28$^{\circ}C$, the lowest temperature is kept up over 2$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of substrate reuse on the growth and yield of summer paprika in cyclic hydroponics. The test group was divided into a new coco slab, one year reused coco slab two year reused coco slab based on 30% nutrient solution reuse, and was performed from April 18 to November 31, 2016 for 30 weeks. As a result, plant height of early growth was that the 2 year reused slab was longer than the new slab but the final growth period was 56.58 cm shorter. First group flower position was that reused slab was shorter by 2.92 cm than the new slab and the second group flower position was 0.31 cm long. The relative internode length of early growth, when the reused slab was used, the imbalance in the late growth stage was increased compared with the use of the new slab. The number of growth nodes in the 1 and 2 year reused slab was the smallest with 27.4 nodes. However, the number of harvested nodes did not show the difference in the test group, and the ratio of harvested that the 2 year reused slab was the highest at 26.8%. The ratio of unmarketable fruit tended to increase as the growth progressed. Fresh weight was 227.7g for new slab, 219.2g for 2 year reused slab and 21.2g for 1 year reused slab. The dry weight of the new slab increased with the reuse of the slab. It was 17.13g for new slab, 18.26g for 1 year reused, and 19.28g for 2 year reused. The average water content of the entire growth period was smaller as the slab was reused, and the 1 year reused slab was about 20g less than the 2 year reused slab. This trend was steadily occurring throughout the entire growing season. Especially, the reused slab for 1 year was less than 60g after 3 groups compared to other test groups. In conclusion, If will control seriously occurrence of unmarketable fruits by weakening after medium growth in summer-cultivated paprika in EC-based recycling hydroponic cultivation with reused cocopeat substrate, It is not what I have to worry that decrease of the yield and deterioration of the quality due to the change of physical and chemical properties of the slab and the pathogenic bacteria infection.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 2021

During the growing period, the integrated solar radiation inside the greenhouse was 12.7MJ·m^-2d^-1, and which was 90% of the average daily global radiation outside the greenhouse, 14.1MJ·m^-2d^-1. The 24-hour average temperature inside the greenhouse from July to August, which has the highest temperature of the year, was 3.04℃ lower than the outside temperature, and 4.07℃ lower after the rainy season. Before the operation of fog cooling system, the average daily RH (%) was lowered to a minimum of 40% (20% for daytime), making it inappropriate for paprika cultivation, but after the operation of fog system, the daily RH during the daytime increased to 70 to 85%. The average humidity deficit increased to a maximum of 12.7g/m³ before fog supply, but decreased to 3.7g/m³ between July and August after fog supply, and increased again after October. The daytime residual CO₂ concentration inside the greenhouse was 707 ppm on average during the whole growing period. The marketable yield of paprika harvested from July 27th to November 23rd, 2020 was higher in 'DSP-7054' and 'Allrounder' with 14,255kg/10a and 14,161kg/10a, respectively, followed by 'K-Gloria orange', 'Volante' and 'Nagono'. There were significant differences between paprika cultivars in fruit length, fruit diameter, soluble solids (°Brix), and flash thickness (mm) of paprika produced in summer season at large single-span plastic greenhouse. The soluble solids content was higher in the orange cultivars 'DSP-7054' and 'Naarangi' and the flesh thickness was higher in the yellow and orange cultivars, with 'K-Gloria orange' and 'Allrounder' being the thickest. The marketable yield of paprika, which was treated with cooling and heating treatments in the root zone, increased by 16.1% in the entire cultivars compared to the untreated ones, increased by 16.5% in 'Nagano', 10.3% in the 'Allrounder', 20.2% in the 'Naarangi', and 17.3% in 'Raon red'.