• The Korean Journal of Urological Oncology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.97-102
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• 2018

Prostate cancer is usually managed by androgen deprivation therapy after failure of primary treatment. However, such therapies are only temporarily effective in prostate cancer patients, and the most patients experience the progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Docetaxel chemotherapy is conventional effective treatment for CRPC but has many adverse effects. In CRPC patients, treatment decisions were not typically base on the recognitions of inter-individual differences. Therefore, there are growing interests for precision medicine in CRPC. In this review, we summarized the precision medicine such as candidate target genes and potential therapies in CRPC.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.94-98
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• 2023

This report presents the case of 75-year-old men with spindle cell neoplasm. The patient underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for renal stones and benign prostatic hyperplasia. One month postoperatively, the patient was able to void without any difficulty. Five months later, the patient experienced difficulty voiding and presented to the emergency room with severe pelvic pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed regrowth of the prostate mass into the posterior bladder and penile root. The prostate-specific antigen level remained constant at 1.14 ng/mL during the pre-and postoperative periods. Five months before the TURP operation, the patient's CT scan showed a soft and mildly enlarged prostate with no protrusion into the bladder. Biopsy of the prostate, however, showed a protruding mass, indicative of a spindle cell neoplasm. The patient was subsequently treated with the chemotherapeutic drug adriamycin. Unfortunately, treatment was unsuccessful, and the patient died 18 months later.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 2022

Objectives: Very limited previous research has investigated the utility weights of prostate-related diseases in the general population in Korea. The purpose of this study was to calculate the utility of prostate-related health states in the Korean general public using the standard gamble (SG) method. Methods: Seven health states for hypothetical prostate cancers, 1 for benign prostate hyperplasia, and 1 for erectile dysfunction were developed based on patient education material and previous publications. In total, 460 responses from the Korean general population were used to analyze the utility of prostate-related health states. Computer-assisted personal interviews were conducted, and utility values were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and SG. Mean utility values were calculated for each prostate-related health state. Results: The mean utility values of prostate cancer derived from SG ranged from 0.281 (metastatic castration-refractory prostate cancer) to 0.779 (localized prostate cancer requiring prostatectomy). The utility value of benign prostate hyperplasia was 0.871, and that of erectile dysfunction was 0.812. The utility values obtained using the SG method in all conditions were higher than the values obtained by VAS. There were no significant demographic variables affecting utility values in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Our findings might be useful for economic evaluation and utility calculation of screening and interventions for prostate-related conditions in the general population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.1211-1219
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• 2023

Korea is rapidly entering into an aging society, and an increasing socioeconomic burden related to prostate cancer is inevitable. Therefore, the need for early detection and accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer is becoming increasingly critical. Ideally, a biopsy should accurately detect cancers using a minimum number of cores. However, as prostate cancer is often indistinguishable on imaging, image-guided targeted biopsies alone are insufficient for diagnosis. After decades of trial and error, the diagnosis of prostate cancer relies heavily on systematic biopsy, which is characterized by random and repetitive core acquisition throughout the gland. This review will provide an overview of the historical aspects of prostate cancer diagnosis. Moreover, the review will also address the general considerations involved in prostate biopsy, and discuss the periprocedural management of the patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4667-4669
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• 2013

We evaluated cigarette smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer in a prospective, population-based cohort study. The subjects were 14,450 males among the participants in the Seoul Male Cancer Cohort Study who had at least 1-year follow-up. They were followed up between 1993 and 2008. During the 16-year follow-up period, 87 cases of prostate cancer occurred over the 207,326 person-years of the study. The age-adjusted relative risks of past and current smokers at entry were 0.60 (95%CI: 0.34-1.06) and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.43-1.13), respectively, suggesting that cigarette smoking may not be a risk factor for prostate cancer. The relationship between prostate cancer and other modifiable factors, such as Westernized diet, should be studied with the goal of establishing prevention programs for prostate cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.1220-1232
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• 2023

The prostate cancer diagnosis has traditionally been based on a systematic biopsy method in which tissue samples are randomly obtained from the prostate 10-12 sites. However, there are concerns as the method can fail to diagnose all prostate cancers or lead to over-detection of clinically insignificant cancers. MRI-guided prostate targeted biopsy has been proposed to address these shortcomings. This method involves identifying suspicious lesions using MRI and performing targeted biopsies under ultrasound or MRI guidance. We review the methods of MRI-based targeted biopsy and discuss recent guidelines and trends in prostate cancer diagnosis.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.271-274
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• 2014

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in men in the United States. The most common sites of metastasis include the bone, lymph nodes, lung, liver, pleura, and adrenal glands, whereas metastatic prostate cancer involving the gastrointestinal tract has been rarely reported. A 64-year-old African-American man with a history of prostate cancer presented with anemia. He reported the passing of dark colored stools but denied hematemesis or hematochezia. Colonoscopy revealed circumferential nodularity, and histology demonstrated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed hypertrophic folds in the gastric fundus, and microscopic examination revealed tumor cells positive for prostate-specific antigen. Bone scanning and computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis did not show metastasis. It is crucial to distinguish primary gastrointestinal cancer from metastatic lesions, especially in patients with a history of cancer at another site, for appropriate management.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2227-2230
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• 2015

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neoplasms and the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the Western world. Vitamin D (1,25dihydroxy vitamin D) is linked to many biological processes that influence oncogenesis but data on relations between its genetic variants and cancer risk have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine associations between a vitamin D genetic polymorphism and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 124 Jordanian prostate cancer patients and 100 healthy volunteers. Ethical approval was granted from the ethical committee at Hashemite University and written consent was given by all patients. PCR was used to amplify the vitamin D receptor Fok1 polymorphism fragment. 25(OH)D serum levels were measured by competitive immunoassay. Results: All genotypes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genotype frequency for Fok1 genotypes FF, Ff and ff was 30.7%, 61.3% and 8.06%, for prostate cancer patients, while frequencies for the control group was 28.0%, 66.0% and 6.0%, respectively, with no significant differences. Vitamin D serum level was significantly lower in prostate cancer patients (mean 7.7 ng/ml) compared to the control group (21.8 ng/ml). No significant association was noted between 25(OH)D and VDR Fok1 gene polymorphism among Jordanians overall, but significant associations were evident among prostate cancer patients (FF, Ff and ff : 25(OH)D levels of 6.2, 8.2 and 9.9) and controls (19.0, 22.5 and 26.3, respectively). An inverse association was noted between 25(OH)D serum level less than 10ng/ml and prostate cancer risk (OR 35.5 and 95% CI 14.3- 88.0). Conclusions: There is strong inverse association between 25(OH)D serum level less than 10ng/ml level and prostate cancer risk.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.52.1-52.13
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• 2023

Background: In 2019, the International Agency for Research on Cancer re-evaluated the carcinogenicity of night-shift work and reported that there is limited evidence that night-shift work is carcinogenic for the development of prostate cancer. Therefore, in 2020 and 2021, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that 2 cases of prostate cancer were occupational diseases related to the night-shift work. Here, we report the 2 cases of prostate cancer in night-shift workers which were first concluded as occupational diseases by the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee. Case presentation: Patient A: A 61-year-old man worked as a city bus driver for approximately 17 years, from 2002 to 2019, and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In March 2017, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core-needle biopsy after experiencing stinging pain lasting for 2 months. Patient B: A 56-year-old man worked as an electrician and an automated equipment operator in a cement manufacturing plant for 35 years from 1976 to 2013 and was exposed to night-shift work during this period. In 2013, the patient was diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer through core needle biopsy at a university hospital because of dysuria that lasted for 6 months. Conclusions: The 2 workers were diagnosed with high-grade prostate cancer after working night shifts for 17 and 35 years respectively. Additionally, previous studies have reported that high-grade prostate cancer has a stronger relationship with night-shift work than low or medium-grade prostate cancer. Therefore, the Korean Epidemiologic Investigation Evaluation Committee concluded that night-shift work in these 2 patients contributed to the development of their prostate cancer.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2004

Background: This study was performed to reconsider the efficacy of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in diagnosing prostate cancer by analyzing the results of a digital rectal examination (DRE), serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and a transrectal ultrasonography in patients with prostate specific antigen levels of 10 ng/ml or less. Materials and Methods: One-hundred and eighty one men with PSA levels of 10 ng/ml or less, who had a TRUS-guided tissue biopsy performed, were included in this study. The detection rate of prostate cancer was compared according to the TRUS result and the presence or absence of nodularity and the consistency of the prostate on DRE. Results: In a total 181 patients, there were 73 patients with PSA levels of 4 ng/ml or less and 4 of them had prostate cancer. Thre were 108 patients with PSA levels of 4-10 ng/ml and 18 of them were prostate cancer. TRUS was performed in 152 patients and 16 out of 58 patients diagnosed with prostate cancer, 3 out of 39 diagnosed with suspicious prostate cancer, and 2 out of 55 patients diagnosed as having no prostate cancer were found to have prostate cancer. In 40 patients, a nodule was palpated on DRE and 8 of them were found to have prostate cancer. Five out of 19 patients with a stony hard consistency, 3 of 12 with a firm to hard consisency, 12 of 129 with a firm consistency, 0 of 13 with a soft to firm consistency, and 2 of 8 with a soft consistency were prostate cancer. In the prostate cancer patients, there were 4 patients with PSA levels of 4 ng/ml or less and all these patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer or suspicious prostate cancer on TRUS but the nodule was not palpated in all patients. Two were soft and 2 were firm consistency on DRE. Conclusion: In patients with serum PSA levels of 10 ng/ml or less, TRUS is a more useful supporting method than DRE and a more active application of TRUS may lead to an early diagnosis and pertinent treatment of prostate cancer.