• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.3-11
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• 2015

The human instinct toward nature is biophilia as a psychological term. There have been a number of empirical evidences confirmed that natural features in buildings enhance human's comfort focusing on biophilia. However, the evolution of society, science, and industry has separated modern buildings from nature. Therefore, this paper addresses the assumption that the admiration for historical buildings in contemporary society is attribute to the qualities of biophilic design. Prospect and refuge, one of the strategies for biophilic design, ultimately provides the opportunity to recover from stress and tension. The purpose of this study is to figure out elements of prospect and refuge based on the design theory of biophilia for psychological healing. This study explores the Gyeongbokgung Palace with the design elements of prospect and refuge in biophilia. It also measures these elements quantitatively with the contrast using Adobe Photoshop CS6, and the area ratio of prospect and refuge. The results of this research verify that the conflicting characteristics of prospect and refuge are identified simultaneously, it is significant to attract people. Gangnyeongjeon Hall and Gyotaejeon Hall, the living quarters for the king and queen, propose the intense pattern of refuge characteristics more than other areas. The mathematical properties of the area ratio show that the pattern of prospect-refuge characteristics change in particular design elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.13-27
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• 1994

본 논문에서는 1) 지금까지 이루어진 광장선호연구를 토대로 광장 설계시 이용될 수 있는 12가지 설계지침을 제시하며, 2) 광장선호를 진화 이론의 틀에서 분석한 사례연구를 소개하고 있다. 12가지 광장설계지침은 1970년부터 지금까지 이루어진 광장형태연구들로부터 제시되었으며, 광장 의 위치, 규모, 시각적 특질, 활동, 미기후, 경계설계, 부공간설계, 동선설계, 식재설계, 휴식공간설계, 음식, 조형물설계 등에 관련한 고려사항을 포함한 다. 광장선호를 진화이론에서 분석한 사례연구는 Appleton의 조망과 은신 이론(prospect and refuge theory)을 분석의 틀로 이용하며, 3개 광장에서 의 이용행태 관찰을 바탕으로 한다. 구체적으로 각 광장의 앉는 장소 (sitting area)가 가지고 있는 조망(prospect) 특성과 은신(refuge)특성을 분석하고 이러한 특성들이 사람들의 선택선호도(앉는 장소로서의)와 관련 성이 있는가를 살펴보고 있다. 연구결과를 보면 광장의 성격이 완전히 공 공적(public)일 경우만이 전반적인 선호행태가 조망(prospect)과 은신 (refuge) 특질과 관련되고 반공공적(semi-public)이나 사적(private)일 경우 에는 Appleton의 이론으로 선호행태 설명이 불가능함을 알 수 있다.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to find Healing elements in the late work of Frank Lloyd Wright. Healing elements are mainly composed of physical, social and psychological functions, which are clearly reflected in holistic attitude and intuition in his Organic theory of Architecture. Late works of Wright since 1935 show particularly shapes of triangle and circle creating the emotional images associated with Hope and Infinity. His image-oriented design attitude is thought to be strongly related to the pursuit of Utopian ideal which means peaceful condition. He regarded it as the consequence of integrity and control, which could be thought as condition of Healing environment. Refuge and Prospect can be complementary elements of spatial expression representing peaceful and dynamic condition of the Nature itself. Five works selected in this case study have unique design ideas related to the function and image of Healing environment interpreted by the criteria of Refuge and Prospect.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 2021

We have lived in a highly dense environment since the rapid urbanization of the industrial age. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for individual spaces for telecommuting or non-face-to-face classes in residential spaces. In metropolitan cities in Korea, where there are many housing types for one-person, the sense of social isolation is increasing more than ever due to COVID-19. This study explored problems in residential spaces and the solutions to relieve the sense of social isolation in this pandemic era. The development process of the courtyard housing in France was examined as an example. Based on the case study, the meaning of threshold of contemporary architecture was reinterpreted, and the characteristics of the healing community space in this pandemic era were proposed by applying prospect and refuge theory.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find the complementary idea of the psychological elements in aesthetic expression of architectural space in the sense of healing. Marks $L\ddot{u}scher$, the swiss psychologist suggested reasonable categories of emotional character according to the couple combinations among Content, Self-Esteem, Confidence, and Liberty. His theory on healing is not only the concept but the practical method to understand and control the conflict between contrary elements of emotion. Compared to the Freud's objective theory of cause and consequence, his idea is focused on the subjective and autonomous harmony. This theory based on complementary idea is applied to psychological attitude of architects on Spatial Expression in this study. Refuge, Prospect, Flow and Void are assumed as equivalent spatial elements to the four major emotional conditions suggested by $M.L\ddot{u}scher$. The couple combinations among them also characterize the architectural characters definitely and it is expected to be the reasonable criteria in analysing aesthetic value and motive of creating human space.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-14
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• 2007

The concept and spatial composition of office have endlessly changed according to social trend. And according to social change, members of office, namely, concept of organization has been changed. Presently, our society finds and needs appearance of office suitable for our society. According to a concept of ecological environment and a concept laying stress on human, various trials have been performed but still, stress of salaried men is treated as social issue. By having connection between psychological healing theory of Max $L{\ddot{\bar{u}}}scher$ and spatial expression elements (content : refuge, self-esteem : prospect, confidence : flow, liberty : void) as a theory, we discussed possibility of aesthetic office landscape could be developed to a type of office which could control emotion that can be a cause of stress and we intended to examine limitation and possibility through case analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.49-60
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to overview domestic and foreign trends in the study of the landscape evaluation through new framework of landscape evaluation studies. 108 studies on the landscape evaluation are summarized and categorized into theoretical studies, verification of theories, development of evaluation methods and applications in physical planning. Major theories in the landscape evaluation came from the psycho-physics, the evolutionary theory ann the cultural-learning theory, and were verified and applied into physical planning. Early experimental researches on landscape evaluation, based on psycho-physics, were focused on relatively simple responses to landscapes. But many studies have been gradually related to the evolutionary theory and the cultural learning theory, emphasizing biological and cultural effects on landscape evaluation. Especially, Appleton's Prospect-Refuge theory' and Kaplans' 'Information Processing model' have very strong influence in landscape evaluation. Relatively there have been many application researches in Korea, which tells there have been strong needs to solve pending practical problems caused by the rapid economic and social growth for several decades. Almost of applications in physical planning are focused on physical features of landscapes, but for more comprehensive landscape evaluation, many other factors such as cognitive and sociocultural variables should be integrated into the whole evaluation system. As a result of reviewing of landscape evaluation studies, I found the overall domestic and foreign trends and the necessity of more research on the applications in physical planning. Because this study mainly focused on academic researches, for more appropriate landscape evaluation and management there should be more practical researches including various approaches.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-23
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• 2016

Purpose: Planning space of the house is important as a universal place to relieve stress of contemporary people. Void space is easy to perform mental and cultural programs in aspect of affording the healing behavior. The "Interface" accommodates healing behaviors through mutual interchange between void space and solid space as the edge of the solid space around void space. This study presents a efficient theory of healing space through combining space theory with the Kitwood's theory of psychiatry used for the art therapy. Methods: Spatial elements based on Kitwood's theory converges towards 2 behavioral elements; Meditation(-), Sense of Community(+). Balancing with reciprocal complement between behaviors of passive and stable "Meditation(-)" and active and released "Sense of Community(+)" was analysed. Results: "Faciliation" can be used in combination with "Flow(+)" as active factor. "Validation" is combined with "Prospect(+,-)", and divides into 2 factor ; "Recognition-Refreshment(-)", "Reaction-Social Exchange(+)". "Holding" is combined with "Refuge(-)" as passive factor. Implications: This study established concept of spatial healing elements in connection with theory of Psychiatry about Alzheimer that is extreme situation of stress. This study is expected to enhance the validity and efficiency in analysis of healing space.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

This study is the analysis of characteristics of hospital space for the holistic healing environment of children on the basis of the healing theory on emotion of Max L$\ddot{u}$scher and the healing theory on senses of Rudolf Steiner of the overseas children's hospitals. According to the theory of Rudolf Steiner, children make comprehensive advancement of physical, spirit and soul through the interaction of 12 senses. In addition, Max Luscher asserts that the psychological health can be maintained when the 4 emotional status in content, confidence, self-esteem and liberty make the balance. The 4 elements of Luscher have correspond with spatial expression elements for refuge, flow, prospect and void, and this is analyzed in conjunction with the eight kinds of behavior affordance of ying and yang (-, +) that helps our the advancement of 12 senses of Steiner. WORK & STUDY(+), REST(-), MOBILITY(+), VISUAL SEQUENCE(-), SOCIAL EXCHANGE(+), REFRESHMENT(-), COMMUNITY(+) and MEDITATION (-) would be the 8 kinds of behavioral affordances to make the healing environment as presented in this study and the case analysis for children's hospitals have been undertaken.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-22
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• 1995

Philosophers Of aeBthetics have tended to limit their Suhject to include only objects Of art. In contrast to art objects, landscapes include elements of both art and nature, and the aesthetic experiences of landscape are ordinarty ones. Thus, the theoretical alternatives, that cannot be like the traditional aesthetic dogma of art, must be explored. Jay Appleton's theory is the firsts attempt to develop a comprehensive theory of landscape aesthetics. He concentrates on the question 'what do we like about landscape and why do we like it ' He takes the assumption that the aesthetic experience of landscape is pleasurable or satisfying, and suggests the biologically oriented theory, called 'prospect-refuge theory.'Although his theory is stimulating and highly speculative, it depends on the 'aesthetic attitude' theory of Kantian thought. His theory can be criticized for its biologically deterministic nature and its reductionism To respond to Appleton's shortcomings, that is, to resolve the conflict between biological and cultural explanations of aesthetic experience of landscape, Steven Bourassa tries to combine biological, cultural, and personal modes in a comprehensive paradigm for research in landscape aesthetics. This tripartite paradigm seems to promise to be meaningful if helping to pose important questions as well as in. avoiding conceptual errors about aesthetic domain of landscape. However, Bourassa's theory fails to integrate such three separate kinds of moder In the final analysis both Appleton and Bourassa present same succeases in expanding the scope of aesthetics to embrace landscape. Most important for a theory in landscape aesthetics must be its ability to enlarge our awareness of the aesthetic domain and its sound logic and evidence to criticize our problematic beliefs about he aesthetic idea of landscape.