• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2002

Although successful pronuclear formation and apposition were seen in porcine oocytes following mouse sperm injection, little is known on the morphology of male and female pronuclei following sperm injection. The objective of this study is to describe the ultrastructure of porcine zygote following murine sperm injection in relation to the chronology of pronuclear S phase. At 40h ~ 44h following in vitro maturation, Cumulus cells were removed in TCM-HEPES with 0.1% hyaluronidase. Then, spermatozoa was injected into the cytoplasm of oocytes. After. injection, all oocytes were transferred to NCSU23 medium and cultured at 39$^{\circ}C$ under 5% $CO_2$ in air. Oocytes were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in Dulbeccos phosphate-buffered saline and observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nuclear precursor bodies were observed in each pronucleus. A cluster of large and small granules was attached in the nucleolus precursor body. After the apposition of male and female chromatin, chromatin condensation was observed throughout the nucleoplasm and nucleolus precursor bodies and condensed chromatin in contact with clusters of small and large granules and the nuclear envelope were found in apposed pronuclear regions. These results suggest that non-species specific nuclear cytoplasmic interactions take place during pronuclear formation and apposition following sperm injection.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.109-113
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of cytochalasin B (CB) treatment in the activation medium on the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) rat embryos. Fetal fibroblast cells were isolated from a Day 14.5 fetus, and the oocytes for recipient cytoplasm were recovered from 4-week old Sprague Dawley rats. After enucleation and nuclear injection, the reconstructed oocytes were immediately exposed to activation medium consisting of 10 mM $SrCl_2$ with or without CB for 4 hr, and formation of pseudo-pronucleus (PPN) was checked at 18 hr after activation. Then, they were transferred into day 1 pseudopregnant recipients (Hooded Wistar) or cultured for 5 days to check their developmental competence in vivo or in vitro. The number of PPN was not affected by CB treatment during the activation. However, CB treatment supported pre-implantation development of rat SCNT embryos. Embryos generated by the procedures of SCNT were also capable of implanting, with 1 implantation scar found from a recipient following the transfer of 87 SCNT embryos to four foster mothers. The result of the present study shows that rat SCNT embryo can develop to post-implantation stage following treatment with CB.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.283-287
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• 2015

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ovulation rate and its relationship to fertilization ability in Landrace, Durock and Crossbred pigs. Gilts were natural mated at a body weight of at least 120 kg under the same hormone treatment. Embryos were surgically collected 1 day after natural mating (Day 0). Embryos derived from in vivo-fertilized oocytes were cultured in medium PZM-3. The ovaries were examined and the pathological findings were recorded. The number of corpus hemorrhagicum was counted, and was assumed to equal the ovulation rate. There was no difference in the number of corpus hemorrhagicum (20.4, 28.8 and 23.2) and ovulation (13.5, 26.8 and 17.2) in the Landrace, Durock and Crossbred pigs. The two pronucleus formation was 76.0, 80.0 and 86.9%. The Day-7 embryos had blastocyst rates of 68.0, 75.0 and 73.9%. There was no difference in the number of total cells and apoptotic cells. In the future, more studies require determining relationships between ovulation and fertilization rate in different species of pigs.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2001

본 연구는 돼지 난포란의 체외성숙배양액에 superoxide dismutase(SOD)를 첨가배양하여 체외성숙과 수성이후 배발달에 미치는 영향과 산소농도 및 SOD가 체외생산된 돼지초기수정란치 배발달에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 돼지 난포란을 체외성숙배양액인 NCSU-23에 SOD를 각각 0, 100,500 및 1,000uni1s/m1 첨가하여 성숙시킨 다음, 체외수정을 실시한 결과, 핵성숙률, 정자침입율, 다정자침입률 및 평균침입정자수는 처리구와 대조구간 유의적(P<0.05)인 차이가 인정되지 않았고, 웅성전핵형성률은 처리구(90.9∼81.2%)보다 오히려 대조구(95.0%)가 유의적으로 높은 결과를 나타냈다(P<0.05). 2. 체외수정 후, 배발달배양액인 NCSU-23에 7일 동안 배양한 결과, 배반포형성률과 총세포수는 처리구가 대조구보다 유의적(P>0.05) 으고 낮은 결과를 나타냈다. 3. 배발달배양액인 NCSU-23에 SOD를 각각 0, 100, 500 및 1,000uni1s/m1을 첨가하고 5% 및 20% 산소조건하에서 7일동안 배발달을 유기한 결과, 배양 7일째 산소조건에 따른 처리구간 배반포형성률 및 총세포수는 유의차가 없었으며, SOD농도별 배반포형성률은 100 units/ml 처리구에서 0, 500 및 1,000uni1s/m1 처리구 보다 유의적으로 높은 배반포형성률을 나타냈으나, 총세포수에서는 처리구(27.6∼37.3개)가 대조구(45.6개)보다 유의적(P<0.05) 로 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 NCSU-23배양액에 SOD의 첨가는 돼지난포란의 체외성숙과 초기배발달에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 조사되었으며, 5% 및 20% 산소농도에 따른 영향도 없는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of post-activation treatment with cytoskeletal regulators in combination with or without 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) on embryonic development of pig oocytes after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). PA and SCNT oocytes were produced by using in vitro-matured pig oocytes and treated for 4 h after electric activation with $0.5{\mu}M$ latrunculin A (LA), $10.4{\mu}M$ cytochalasins B (CB), and $4.9{\mu}M$ cytochalasins D (CD) together with none or 2 mM DMAP. Post-activation treatment of PA oocytes with LA, CB, and CD did not alter embryo cleavage (85.8~88.6%), blastocyst formation (30.7~ 32.4%), and mean cell number of blastocysts (33.5~33.8 cells/blastocyst). When PA oocytes were treated with LA, CB, and CD in combination with DMAP, blastocyst formation was significantly (P<0.05) improved by CB+DMAP (42.5%) compared to LA+DMAP (28.0%) and CD+DMAP (25.1%), but no significant differences were found in embryo cleavage (77.5~78.0%) and mean blastocyst cell number (33.6~35.0 cells) among the three groups. In SCNT, blastocyst formation was significantly (P<0.05) increased by post-activation treatment with LA+DMAP (32.9%) and CD+DMAP (35.0%) compared to CB+DMAP (22.0%) while embryo cleavage (85.5~85.7%) and blastocyst cell number (41.1~43.8 cells) were not influenced. All three treatments (LA, CB, and CD with DMAP) effectively inhibited pseudo-polar body extrusion in SCNT oocytes. The proportions of oocytes showing single pronucleus formation were 89.6%, 83.9%, and 93.3%, respectively with the increased tendency (P<0.1) by LA+DMAP and CD+ DMAP compared to CB+DMAP. Our results demonstrate that post-activation treatment with LA or CD in combination with DMAP improves pre-implantation development of SCNT embryos and the stimulating effect of cytoskeletal modifiers on embryonic development is differentially shown depending on the origin (PA or SCNT) of embryos in pigs.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2003

본 연구는 돼지난포란의 체외배양액에 황화합물인 Catalase 첨가 및 저분압산소조건 하에서 첨가배양함으로서 돼지난포란의 체외성숙과 체외배발달에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 돼지난포란을 체외성숙배양액인 0.9mM cy-steine이 함유된 NCSU-23 배양액에 CAT를 각각 0, 100, 500 및 1000uni1s/m1 첨가하여 체외성숙 및 수정을 실시한 결과, 모든 평가요소에서 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내어 체외수정에 좋지 않은 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다(P>0.05). 2. 체외수정을 실시한 후, 배발달배양액인 NCSU-23에 7일 동안 배양한 결과, 배반포형성률과 총세포수에 있어서 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타내어 체외성숙시 CAT 첨가배양은 배발달에 좋지 않은 것으로 판단된 다(P>0.05). 3. 배발달배양액인 NCSU-23에 CAT를 각각 0, 100, 500 및 1000units/m1을 첨가하고 5 및 20% 산소농도하에서 7일간 배양을 실시한 결과, 산소농도에 따른 차이는 인정되지 않았으며, CAT 첨가에 따른 배반포형성률과 총세포수에 있어서도 처리구가 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 나타냈다(P>0.05). 결론적으로 돼지난포란을 이용하여 체외수정란을 생산할 때, NCSU-23 배양액에 catalase의 첨가 및 산소조건은 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 조사되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.178-188
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• 2013

The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present in the female reproductive tract promote sperm capacitation. When bovine sperm were exposed to 10 ${\mu}g/ml$ of one of four GAGs (Chondroitin sulfate, CS; Dermatan sulfate, DS; Hyaluronic acid, HA; Heparin, HP) for 5 h, the total motility (TM), straight-line velocity (VSL), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were higher in the HP- or HA-treated sperm, relative to control and CS- or DS-treated sperm. HP and HA treatments increased the levels of capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperm over time, compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). In addition, sperm exposed to HP or HA for 1 h before IVF exhibited significantly improved fertilizing ability, as assessed by 2 pronucleus (PN) formation and cleavage rates at d 2. Exposure to these GAGs also enhanced in vitro embryo development rates and embryo quality, and increased the ICM and total blastocyst cell numbers at d 8 after IVF (p<0.05). A real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of pluripotency (Oct 4), cell growth (Glut 5), and anti-apoptosis (Bax inhibitor) genes were significantly higher in embryos derived from HA- or HP-treated sperm than in control or other treatment groups, while pro-apoptotic gene expression (caspase-3) was significantly lower in all GAG treatment groups (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that exposure of bovine sperm to HP or HA positively correlates with in vitro fertilizing ability, in vitro embryo developmental potential, and embryonic gene expression.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.413-421
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• 1997

체외에서 포유동물의 난자와 정자의 배양에 관한 연구는 난자의 성숙과정과 수정현상에 대한 많은 새로운 정보를 제공하였다. 동시에 체외수정의 연구로부터 얻은 결과는 또다른 의문을 제기하였다. 특히 동결융해정액을 이용한 돼지체외수정의 경우 낮은 정자의 침입율과 전핵형성율 및 높은 다정자침입(polyspermy)율은 아직도 해결해야할 문제점으로 남아있다. 돼지난자의 성숙에 관한 연구의 성과는 수정후 낮은 전핵형성율을 개선시켰으나 타동물종에 비하면 아직도 매우 낮게 나타나고 있다. 한편 동결정액의 처리를 위하여 caffeine이나 Ca2+와 같은 물질을 수정용 배지내에 첨가하는 등 수정능력획득의 유기를 위하여 여러 가지 방법이 연구되고 있지만 정자의 침입율은 아직도 낮고, polyspermy의 발생율은 높게 나타내고 있다. 따라서 정자의 침입율을 향상시키고 polyspermy를 억제하기 위하여 난관세포와의 공동배양, 난포액을 첨가한 배양액 내에서 정자의 전배양 및 정자농도의 조절은 매우 효과적인 방법으로 이용되어왔다. 그러나 수정란의 체외생산성 향상과 이와 관련된 연구를 보다 효과적으로 수행하기 위해서는 위에서 지적한 문제에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 보다 근본적인 이해가 요구된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

We attempted to control the maturation promoting factors (MPF) activity and nuclear remodeling of somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) bovine embryos. Bovine ear skin fibroblasts were fused to enucleated oocytes treated with either 5 mM caffeine for 2.5 h or 0.5 mM vanadate for 0.5 h and activated. The nuclear remodeling type of the reconstituted embryos was evaluated 1.5 h after activation. MPF activity was assessed in enucleated and chemical treated oocytes before the injection of a donor cell. Effect of chemicals on the embryonic development was evaluated with parthenogenetic embryos. MPF activity increased significantly by caffeine treatment, but decreased by vanadate treatment (p<0.05). Caffeine or vanadate had no deleterious effect on the parthenogenetic embryo development. In caffeine treated group, premature chromosome condensation (PCC) was occurred in 72.2% of NT embryos (p<0.05). In contrast, vanadate induced the formation of a pronucleus-like structure (PN) in a high frequency (68.9%, p<0.05) without PCC (NPCC). Blastocyst development of NT embryos increased by treating with caffeine (30.3%), whereas decreased by treating with vanadate (11.4%) compared to control (22.1%, p<0.05). The results indicate that caffeine or vanadate can control of MPF activity and remodeling type of NT embryos, resulting in the increased or decreased in vitro development.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 돼지 난자 내에 돼지, 사람, 소 및 생쥐의 정자를 미세 주입한 후 전핵형성과ㅏ 전핵의 이동을 관찰하였다. 핵과 미세소관은 정자 주입 후 간접면역 형광염색을 실시한 후 공초점주사현미경으로 관찰하였다. 돼지 난자 내에 돼지정자를 직접 주입하였을 경우 일반적인 수정과정과 동일하게 정자중편부에서 성상체가 형성되었고, 이 성상체에 의해서 웅성 및 자성 전핵의 이동(44%), 유사분열(3%) 및 2-세포기(13%)까지 정상적인 수정이 이루어지는 것을 관찰할 수가 있었다. 반면에 이종(사람, 소 및 생쥐)의 정자를 돼지난자에 직접 주입하였을 경우 단위발생시 난 활성이 유도된 난자와 같이 난자자체에서 형성된 미세소관에 의해 전핵이 이동(47, 30 및 17%)하는 것을 볼 수가 있었다. 하지만, 접합체 형성 및 2-세포기로의 분리되는 과정은 관찰할 수 없었다. 이러한 결과로 돼지 난자 내에 이종의 정자가 주입되었을 때 정자의 핵은 비록이적으로 전핵으로 발달되고 난자 중심부로 이동된다는 것을 보여주는 것인데, 이때 전핵을 움직이는 것은 정자에서 유래된 중심체에 의한 것이 아니라 난자세포질 자체의 미세소관에 의한 것으로 관찰되었다.