• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.3-49
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this paper is to make research on the settlement mechanism of the commercial disputes between the South and the North of Korea. Also, this paper is to make research on the south-north Korea's cooperative tasks to promote the disputes settlement, including the operation and management of the South-North Arbitration Commission as well as the enactment of the South-North Arbitration Rules. To realize the spirit of the South-North Joint Declaration of June 15, 2000, the Authorities concerned of the South and the North of Korea have reached an agreement titled 'Agreement on Settlement Procedure of Commercial Disputes' on December of the same year. As the follow-up measures of the said Agreement, the South-North Authorities have signed an another agreement called 'Agreement on Organization and Administration of the South-North Arbitration Commission' on October, 2003, which is becoming vital importance for settlement of the commercial disputes between south and north Korea including the Gaeseong Industrial Complex. Gaeseong, a city surrounded by the North Korean military and a symbol of inter-Korean tensions, is now turning into a peace zone where thousands of North and South Koreans are working side by side. The Gaeseong Industrial Complex project, driven by the logic and economic necessity of cooperation, has been steadily moving forward since the North designated it as a special economic zone and has enacted related laws and regulations for its development. Under the situation, the matter of primary concern is how to organize and conduct the Arbitration Commission for the prompt and effective settlement of the south-north commercial disputes. First of all, the South-North Authorities should recognize that the availability of prompt, effective and economical means of dispute resolution such as arbitration and mediation to be made by the Arbitration Commission would promote the orderly growth and encouragement of the south-north trade and investment. In this connection, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board(KCAB) should be designated as the arbitral institution of the south Korean side under the Agreement on Organization and Administration of the South-North Arbitration Commission. The KCAB is the only authorized arbitral organization in South Korea to settle all kinds of commercial disputes at home and abroad.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.539-542
• /
• 2006

The objective of this paper is to compare the applicability of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) or biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) for quantifying biodegradable organic material (BOM) and bio-stability in distribution systems for a variety of finished waters. The study the data is derived from was part of an AWWARF and Tampa Bay Water tailored collaboration project to determine the effect of blending different waters on distribution system water quality. Seven different finished waters were produced from surface, ground, or brackish water on site and fed 18 independent pilot distribution systems (PDSs), either as single finished water or as a blend of several finished waters. AOC and BDOC have often been used as indicators of bacterial regrowth potential in distribution systems. In this study, AOC was the more useful assay of the two for the BOM concentrations observed in the PDSs. BDOC did not distinguish BOM while AOC did at the low BOM levels from many of the advanced treatments (e.g. RO, $O^3/BAC$). AOC in contrast allowed much more meaningful calculations of the consumption or production of AOC as the blends passed through the PDSs even for very low BOM blends. In addition, meaningful trends corresponding to changes in heterophic plate count (HPC) were observed for AOC but not for BDOC. Moreover, AOC stability was associated with waters produced from advanced membrane treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.325-333
• /
• 1994

This study was undertaken at Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia as part of a larger forage genetic resource evaluation project. The experimental program consisted of a field experiment where grasses and legume species were grown in monocultures and the yield, N content and rumen bag digestibility using goats were measured. The field experiment was conducted from December 1985 to October 1986. Eight species of legumes (Desmodium heterophyllum cv. John-stone, Desmodium triflorum from Gowa, South Sulawesi, Arachis sp. from Maiwa, South Sulawesi, Clitoria ternalea CPI 50973, Macroptilium atropurpureum ev. Siratro, Neonotonia wightii cv. Tinaroo, Centrosema pubescens CPI 58575, Centrosema plumeri CPI 58568) were grown as monocultures. After establishment all plants were cut to a uniform height of 5 cm, and subsequent cuts were made on regrowth after 14, 28, 42, and 56 days (cycle 1). Cycle 2 commenced towards the end of the wet season and continued for 157 days into the dry season. The highest yielding legumes were C. ternatea in the wet season and Arachis sp. in the dry season. The mean rumen bag dry matter digestibility (RBDMD) of legumes of 67.6% for leaf material (averaged over all cycles and ages) was 7.6% higher than for stem material. The RBDMD of Arachis was significantly higher than all other species. The RBDMD of all legumes declined with age. Calculation of yield of digestible DM (yield $\times$ RBDMD) showed that Arachis sp. was the best legume. The combination of plant "quality" with yield measures is a valuable adjunct to routine agronomic survey procedures in plant evaluation programs. Arachis sp. appears to offer considerable promise and should be more widely evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 1991

Twenty five 75% Holstein Friesian cross bred bullocks fed rice straw (Oryza sativa) of long form, were fed with the following five treatments. 1. Rice straw, untreated (RS) 2. RS + water (1:1), stored for 24 hours (WRS) 3. RS (100 kg) + urea solution (4 kg urea/100 litre water) and dried (USRS) 4. RS (100 kg) + urea solution (as in 3) stored in wet condition for 24 hours (UWRS) 5. RS (100 kg) + urea solution (as in 3) stored in pit for 21 days (UTRS). Potential digestibility of treatments of RS was evaluated by monitoring (in vitro) Simulating Rumen like Fermentation (SRLF). The results indicated that Dry Matter Intake (DMI), digestibility of nutrients, N utilization were of the order UTRS > UWRS > USRS > WRS and RS (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). SRLF index was high (255.84) for UTRS and least (145.58) for USRS. It was intermediary (199.66) for UWRS. The acetyl content (AC) of UTRS with higher hemicellulose (HCE) digestibility (80.8%) was low compared to UWRS, USRS, RS and WRS. The acetate content was of the order UTRS < UWRS < USRS < WRS and RS thereby indicating that reduction in acetyl content was an index of positive response of urea-treatment of RS. In addition, the ratio of HCE/AC in faeces of UTRS was 0.87 as against the ratios (2.26-2.48) observed in other treatments recording reduction in AC due to urea-treatment. Among the treatments, USRS only supplemented N while UTRS in addition to utilization N, increased the digestibility of structural carbohydrates. Reduction in treatment time from 21 days to 1 day (UWRS) resulted in improvements similar to those of UTRS.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제53권6호
• /
• pp.549-561
• /
• 2011

Livestock wastewater is being discharged without treatment from Hasen's pig farm cluster in WangGoong (WG) area into the Iksan Stream, eventually flowing into the ManGyung (MG) at the upstream junction. Although it is well known that before discharge, wastewater must satisfy the pig slurry discharge standards; because of ongoing remodeling, proper treatment is not being performed. According to public records, wastewater from the WG pig farm cluster is responsible for 3.6% of MG River pollution and 2.0% of the SaeManGuem (SMG) Reservoir pollution. As a result, upstream water treatment quality has become primary concern for development of the SMG project. All physicochemical constituents and pathogenic microbes, such as chemical oxygen demand ($COD_{Cr}$), biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP), fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and Salmonella at the effluent of WG Plant (S-1) exceed the effluent standards. This is mainly due to insufficient wastewater treatment: the WG Plant is under renovation to increase water purification efficiency. By comparing the water quality at the S-7 junction, where the the Iksan Stream (pig farms) and the Wanggoong Stream (no pig farms) merge, it is clear that farming facilities and improper treatment can critically affect surrounding water quality. While it is clear throughout this study that the level of all physicochemical parameters and pathogenic microbes along the Stream decreased due to sedimentation, biodegradation and/or dilution. An alarming problem was discovered: the existence of pathogenic microbe count(E coli, Salmonella) in the lagoon wastewater and the stream water. Not only were high concentrations of these pathogens themselves found, but the potential existence of more serious pathogens could rise to more dangerous conditions.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.57-68
• /
• 2001

It is matter of common knowledge to give impetus to the water resources development to cope with increasing demand and supply for the water utilization project including agricultural living and industrial water owing to the economic and civilization development in recent years. Regional design rainfall is necessary or the design of the dam reservoir levee and drainage facilities for the development of various kinds of essential waters including agricultural water. For the estimation of the regional design rainfall classification of the climatologically an geographically homogeneous regions should be preceded preferentially This study was mainly conducted to derive the optimal regionalization of the precipitation data which can be classified by the climatologically and geographically homogeneous regions all over the regions except Cheju and Wulreung islands in Korea. A total of 65 rain gauges were used to regional analysis of precipitation. Annual maximum series for the consecutive durations of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72hr were used for various statistical analysis. Both K-means clustering and mean annual precipitation methods are used to identify homogeneous regions all over the regions. Nine and five homogeneous regions for the precipitation were classified by the K-means clustering and mean annual methods, respectively. Finally, Five homogeneous regions were established by the trial and error method with homogeneity test using statistics of $\chi$$^2$ distribution.

• 논리연구
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.1-38
• /
• 2011

베르나이스는 국내외를 막론하고 그의 업적에 상응하는 집중적 관심의 대상이 되지 못했다. 극히 최근에 이르러 베르나이스의 저작의 재출간을 비롯하여 그의 철학에 대한 재조명이 시작되고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 흐름에 발맞춰 공리적 방법을 초점으로 베르나이스의 사상을 힐버트의 사상으로부터 섬세하게 가려내는 시도를 시작해보고자 한다. 우선 힐버트가 자신의 공리적 방법에 대해 대단한 자부심을 지녔었다는 점을 전거를 제시해가며 부각시킨다. 그리고 힐버트의 공리적 방법이 공리적 방법의 역사 전체 안에서 어떤 위치를 지니는지에 관한 베르나이스의 견해를 정리해볼 것이다. 또한 중전기 베르나이스와 후기 베르나이스가 이 문제에 관하여 상당히 다른 입장을 취하는 것으로 보인다는 점에 착안하여, 중전기 베르나이스의 견해와 후기 베르나이스의 견해를 대조해 보일 것이다. 그리하여 공리적 방법에 관하여 가장 뚜렷하게 부각되는 힐버트와 베르나이스의 견해의 차이가 공리적 방법의 제일성의 문제에서 찾아진다는 점을 보여줄 것이다. 같은 맥락에서 1950년대 중반 이후 과학철학에서의 카르납의 프로젝트가 공리적 방법의 제일성에 대한 힐버트의 신념을 계승하려는 것으로 보고, 후기 베르나이스의 카르납 비판을 논의할 것이다.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건설관리학회 2007년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.643-646
• /
• 2007

도심지 지가가 높아짐에 따라 건축물의 공간 활용도에 대한 기대치가 높아지게 되었고, 건축물은 더 크고, 더 깊고, 더 높게 지어지는 방향으로 나아가고 있다. 이에 따라, 공사의 첫 단계이자 전체 건물의 기초가 되는 지하 공사는 그 중요성이 날로 더해가고 있다. 최소한의 비용으로 최단기간에 터파기 공사를 완료해야 하는 도심지 공사의 특성상 공사 관계자들은 지하 공사를 계획, 설계, 시공, 설계하는 과정에서 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 지하 공사 전번에 걸쳐 있는 불확실성과 위험 요소 때문에 공사 실패 사례가 발생하고 있다. 더욱이 이러한 사고가 어느 정도의 경제적 피해를 끼쳤는지에 대한 보고나 연구없이 사고 사례만 알려지기 때문에 지하 공사의 위험성에 대한 경각심이 부족한 것이 우리나라 건축의 현실이다. 이런 사고를 타산지석으로 삼아 터파기 공사 공법을 선정하고 지하 공사를 이행하는데 있어서 하나의 지침이 되기를 바라면서 지하 공사 실패 사례가 과연 어느 정도의 경제적 피해를 발생시키는지를 개산견적 기법을 도입하여 추정해 보았다.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2018

Background: Substantial empirical research has shown conflicting results regarding the influence of organizational external factors on construction risk management, suggesting the necessity to introduce a moderator into the study. The present research confirmed whether rules and regulations matter on the relationships between organizational external factors and construction risk management. Methods: Based on discouragement and organizational control theory, this research examined the effects of organizational external factors and rules and regulations on construction risk management among 238 employees operating in construction companies in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. A personally administered questionnaire was used to acquire the data. The data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results: A significant positive relationship between organizational external factors and construction risk management was asserted. This study also found a significant positive relationship between rules and regulations and construction risk management. As anticipated, rules and regulations were found to moderate the relationship between organizational external factors and construction risk management, with a significant positive result. Similarly, a significant interaction effect was also found between rules and regulations and organizational external factors. Implications of the research from a Nigerian point of view have also been discussed. Conclusion: Political, economy, and technology factors helped the construction companies to reduce the chance of risk occurrence during the construction activities. Rules and regulations also helped to lessen the rate of accidents involving construction workers as well as the duration of the projects. Similarly, the influence of the organizational external factors with rules and regulations on construction risk management has proven that most of the construction companies that implement the aforementioned factors have the chance to deliver their projects within the stipulated time, cost, and qualities, which can be used as a yardstick to measure a good project.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.75-86
• /
• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of environmental inquiry activities and values of elementary school students written in their reports of the Energy Environment Inquiry Activity Contest which is a unit contest of the Youth Science Festival held annually in Korea and get some ideas for the valuable way of Korean environmental education. 10 teams' reports were gathered and the locality, class study area, inquiry theme, inquiry method and values were analyzed and introduced as case studies to get some insights to teach elementary school students environmental values through inquiry activities of science subject approach. Each teams set various inquiry themes in the content domain of energy resources and earth environment conservation focusing on each team's geographical characteristics and occurring environmental problems in their local areas. There were 16 sentences representing technocentrism and 12 sentences representing ecocentrism. 5 of 10 teams showed both of technocentrism and ecocentrism in their reports. But their was only scientific knowledge without any environmental values in one team's report. Inquiry activity is a good teaching-learning method to develop environmental literacy. There should be environmental values involved as far as it is the environmental inquiry activities using environmental subject matter. The result of this study proposes that environmental educators should actively intervene for inquirers to set a stage in the whole process to search for an alternative to solve environmental problems involved in their project activities. The reason is because the environmental education in the elementary school is established to operate by the infusion way into various subjects already existed in the Korean curriculum.