• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6563-6568
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• 2013

Background: Tobacco use and quit attempts are two key indicators of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) that assess quit attempts among current as well as former tobacco users. The relevant data have inherent policy implications for tobacco cessation programme evaluation. This study aimed to review the concepts of quit attempt assessment and quantifying invalid responses considering GATS-India data. Materials and Methods: GATS assessment of tobacco use and quit attempts were examined in the current literature. Two categories of invalid responses were identified by stratified analysis of the duration of last quit attempt among current users and duration of abstinence among former users. Category A included absolute invalid responses when time-frame of assessment of current tobacco use and less than former tobacco use were violated. Category B included responses that violated the unit of measurement of time. Results: Current daily use, current less than daily use and former use in GATS were imprecisely defined with overlapping of time-frame of assessment. Overall responses of 3,102 current smokers, 4,036 current smokeless users, 1,904 former smokers and 1,343 former smokeless users were analyzed to quantify invalid responses. Analysis indicated overall 21.2% (category A: 7.32%; category B: 17.7%) and 22.7% (category A: 8.05%; category B: 18.1%) invalid responses among current smokers and smokeless users respectively regarding their duration of last quit attempt. Similarly overall 6.62% (category A: 4.7%; category B: 2.3%) and 10.6% (category A: 8.6%; category B: 3.5%) invalid responses were identified among former smokers and smokeless users respectively regarding their duration of abstinence. Conclusions: High invalid responses for a single assessment are due to the imprecise definition of current use, former use and quit attempt; and failure to utilize opportunity of direct data entry interface use during the survey to validate responses instantly. Redefining tobacco use and quit attempts considering an appropriate timeframe would reduce invalid responses.

• STI Policy Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.41-54
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• 2013

R&D is inherently an uncertain endeavor, yet now more than ever those performing R&D with public funding are called upon to clarify the utility of their research. Calls for public accountability are mounting with the increase in constraints on government budgets due to the recent worldwide economic recession, in response to which both policymakers and researchers pay much more attention to rigorously assessing publicly funded R&D. A key issue complicating R&D evaluation in these circumstances is how to adequately account for the nature and degree of risk involved in a given R&D program or project. This study deliberates on certain issues involving the measurement of ex-ante risk in public R&D evaluation: (i) information asymmetry between R&D sponsors and performers, (ii) ambiguity in the measurement of returns in both prospective and retrospective evaluation, and (iii) the dilemma between measurement error and omitted variable bias for empirical estimation of R&D performance. The study then presents an analysis of hypothetical evaluation results that apply risk-relevant weights to the annual evaluation outcomes of South Korea's national R&D programs funded during 2006~2012. In this counterfactual re-evaluation of public R&D program performance, high-risk R&D programs turn out to receive higher evaluation than non-high-risk programs. The current study suggests that R&D evaluation ignoring ex-ante risk is not only conceptually invalid since R&D activities are intrinsically uncertain endeavors, but unfair as R&D performers are asked to be accountable for the results that were in fact out of their reach.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.299-307
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• 2005

The 180 km/h Korean Tilting Train(TTX) which is now developing as a part of the Korean National R&D project, was elaborately designed. As the tilting trains run curve track with the $30\%$ higher speed than normal trains, the higher centrifugal and dynamic force are expected. Furthermore the complex tilting system increase the probability of failure. Therefore it is very important for tilting train to ensure safety against derailment under the various kind of failed condition in the middle of running as well as normal operating condition. The TTX train have the relatively high roll stiffness to improve the lateral ride comfort and to limit the roll displacement on the curve. But the higher roll stiffness increase the risk of derailment on the twisted track. This paper describes the study to review the safety against derailment caused by the wheel unloading on the severely twisted track. The worst combination of maximum cant change with maximum twist defect was established by numerical simulation. And also it was assumed that the air bag deflated and still the train run its speed limit. Those kind of assumption might be the worst case from the view point of wheel unloading derailment on the twisted track. The dynamic simulation was done by means of VAMPIRE S/W and non-linear transient analysis. We found that derailment quotients Q/P was only slightly influenced by track twist but the wheel unloading was greatly influenced. And we ascertained that the higher roll stiffness the higher wheel unloading. In case of air bag deflated situation, the wheel unloading reached up to $100\%$ which means the wheel lift or jumped. Therefore it was concluded that the design need to be improved to ensure the safety against derailment on the maximum twisted track in case of air bag deflated and tilting train's speed limit.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.206-222
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• 1997

The conventional analysis with which justifies government intervention of the private sector's innovation activities is the market failure approach. According to such analysis, fund allocation through autonomous market mechanisms is not optimal in technology financing because of the disparity between the desirable level of investment for society as a whole and that for private firms. To optimize the fund allocation, public policies such as subsidy, preferencial loan and venture capital investment programs are designed for technology development projects performed by private firms. They, however, have not been effective in increasing private investment for such projects. In most cases, it was found that little considerations given to the relationship between uncertainty embodied in technology development projects and each types of financing. With respect to optimizing fund allocation, technology development projects should be financed by different means according to their probability of success and the expected value of technology. Employing various theoretical models on financing decision-making we verify here that technology development projects to be supported by commercial banks or venture capital institutions is limited contingent upon levels of uncertainty adn expected value. Under the assumption that financial institutions are risk averse, loan or investment can be available only if the probability of success of the project is higher than the probability premium and the current market rate of interest. Therefore, the projects that have lower probability of success and/or small expected return are excluded from commercial loan or investment programs. However, the remaining projects, whose probability of success is low but with high expected return, may be applied under government subsidy programs. To achieve optimality of fund allocation and to activate technology financing, we conclude that there should be a systematic division of role among financial institutions including government commercial banks, and venture capital institutions.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2018

In developing avionics systems, safety analysis and evaluation specified in SAE ARP4761 (Methods and Guidelines for Civil Aviation System and Equipment Safety Assessment Process) are carried out to prevent air accidents. Safety analysis requires knowledge of the abnormal state of the system, not its normal state, and its interrelationships with other standards. Therefore, a tool that automatically outputs data which proves compliance with safety certification standards is required. In this study,In this study, Schematized the safety analysis procedure of the specification and studied the method of applying the safety analysis CAD tools to individual procedure. As an example study, ARP4761 analysis was performed on the wheel brake system (WBS) of the ARP4761 appendix.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.151-159
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• 2009

Recently, overseas construction projects have been increasing in the Middle East and Southeast Asia regions. These projects require various licenses and technologies for the manufacturing and handling processes. Additionally, the efficiency of the entire process management life cycle determines the success or failure of the business. Nonetheless, there exist various risks involved in the whole life cycle process due to a lack of experience and knowledge of management techniques. The objective of this paper is to analyze the business process of a LNG plant throughout the pre-construction and procurement phases, and to identify the knowledge and information needed for the development of the KMS. The study also plans to build a comprehensive knowledge management system throughout the whole life cycle as its final objective.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.311-316
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• 2018

IMO introduced the concept of e-Navigation and proposed MSPs(Maritime Service Portfolios) concept to reduce marine accidents, to improve efficiency of ship operation, port operation, and ship operation technology. Korean e-Navigation defines S1 ~ S5 services, as the service concept focused on domestic e-Navigation service corresponding to IMO MSPs, and is constructing a system as an ongoing project. S2 service (onboard system remote monitoring service) among the concepts of Korean e-Navigation services, is a service concept that judges the emergency level according to risk if an abnormal condition occurs during navigation, and provides corresponding guidance to accident ships based on emergency level. The purpose of this paper is to provide a basic architecture proposal of Korean e-Navigation S2 service navigation safety module, based on the S2 service operation concept. To do this, we conducted a questionnaire survey to ask experts with experience with sailors, to respond to the subjective risk experienced by sailors considering effects of anomalies, including equipment failure relative to sailing and navigational safety. Risk level for each abnormal condition was classified. The basic algorithm design of the navigation safety module is composed of safety index (SI) calculation module based on results of questionnaire and expert opinions, safety level (SL) determination module according to safety index, and corresponding guidance generation module according to safety level. To conduct basic validation of basic architecture of the navigation safety module, simulation of the ship anomaly monitoring was performed, and results have been revealed.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.19-40
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• 2002

Many firms have had a passion for IT investment for years. Despite such a continuing investment in IT, the application of newer technologies to business work doesn't guarantee a great success. Some IT projects were doomed to failure or ineffectiveness. What could we do to lead IT project to the territory of effectiveness? One plausible and inevitable avenue is enterprise architecture (EA), which requires one to first come up with a simplified view of the complex entity to be designed and then proceed to design and develop it as directed by the architecture. Though there have been more materials on such EA work and real cases, there still exist a doubt about why EA is needed and how a firm can introduce it. This article first presents a structured understanding about EA and then describes the necessity, and the introducing ways of EA.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2008

Many engineers find the way of improving the old building's structural behavior in the remodeling project which is performed using artificial openings for merging two houses. This test was performed to verify the characteristics of coupling beams according to the shape of the openings. One of test specimen has rectangle shape and the other was made by the circle shaped opening and one has coupling member only as slabs. Additionally, three specimens which have openings have 23% ratio in opening area to total wall area. Consequently, solid type which have no opening area shows shear failure. In the case of CW-RBS which have rectangular shaped opening, cracks are developed in coupling beam significantly. And CW-CS which has circular opening failed in shear showing development of diagonal cracks at wall toes and wall mid-height. It is thought that degradation of the wall strength is under the control of the opening shape and coupling beam-wall connection area.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.322-323
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• 2015

Traditional rotation type large beacon was characterized by frequent failure, long repair time and high cost etc. These problems are caused by traditional light sources(metal halide lamps or tungsten halogen lamps). In order to solve these problems, IALA standards-based(efficiency and reliability) large LED beacon technologies are needed. we developed by applying a LED. The object of the this project, to design a reflective optics and the high power LED lighting engine module. And to develop a rotational speed control system for controlling flash pattern of beacon. As a result, to develop of LED beacon for landfall mark that distance to reach the light 20NM to 27NM.