• East Asian Economic Review
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.233-272
• /
• 2021

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) agreement, signed in November 2020, comes shortly after the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) entered into force and the US-China Trade War escalated. We use a computable general equilibrium model to assess the long-term effects of these three developments on income, trade, economic structure, factor returns and employment across the world, and especially in Asia-Pacific countries. The results suggest that RCEP could generate income gains that will be almost twice as large as those of the CPTPP, and that the two agreements together will largely offset the substantial negative effects of the US-China Trade War for the world as a whole. All three policy developments, but especially RCEP, will deepen East Asian production networks and will raise productivity and increase wages and employment in much of East Asia. At the sectoral level, regional trade in non-durable and durable manufactures will experience the most growth.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.107-128
• /
• 2023

International arbitration is a widely preferred alternative dispute resolution mechanism for many desirable characteristics, such as, party autonomy, procedural flexibility, ability of parties to select their arbitrators, as well as, finality of arbitral awards, among others. However, because arbitral tribunals derive their authority and jurisdiction from the parties' agreement(s) to arbitrate their dispute(s), arbitral tribunals lack coercive powers that national courts have. At times, arbitral tribunals have to deal with circumstances of non-production and/or spoliation of evidence, and due to the lack of coercive authority, it may be challenging to compel such recalcitrant parties to produce the relevant evidence and/or witnesses. Therefore, adverse inferences drawn against the recalcitrant parties may be the most effective sanctions. This article explores the sources of authority for arbitral tribunals to make such adverse inferences and argues for a precise set of rules or standard to be consistently applied by the arbitral tribunals in order to increase predictability in arbitral proceedings. Additionally, some of the critical issues when considering adverse inferences as sanctions are discussed.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.58-70
• /
• 2013

Iriai an Indigenous forest management system in Japan from the viewpoint of "common pool resources" was a success resilient institution and resulted with sustainable production system and environmental conservation. This study was conducted in Osawa of the Nagano prefecture through group discussions, field observations and an in-depth field survey. Osawa Property Ward Forest is managed under the concept very much similarly to traditional "Iriai". This study firstly examined the changes of collective forest management system in terms of awareness and interest in forest management; forest management activities; role of forest; and collection of forest products. Then it analyzed the current threats for collective forest management have been identified as: land abandonment due to loss of benefits and lack of active community participation; deterioration of forest environment particularly the micro-climate and aesthetic values; conflict with local government authorities restraining the use of money in property ward forest and conflict with outsiders on damping of the garbage. Community cantered forestry management rules; livelihood contribution; protection of environment; local initiatives for protection and economic activities are the prevailing opportunities for collective forest management. The main requirements for revitalization of collective forest management are explained as local reciprocity; imposition of community based forest rules; encouraging local innovations; and building partnerships with stakeholders. Collective forest management system addresses the limitations of conventional forestry models, which had invalidated traditional 'iriai' institutions, and key to restoring sustainable use of forest and environmental resources. Cross-institutional collaborations together with responsibilities of local communities would ensure the revitalization of forest resources.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
• /
• 제9B권3호
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 2002

현재가지 개발된 화재진압통제 지능시스템들은 대부분 규칙기반 시스템이다. 실제로 화재를 탐지하는데 필요한 지식은 정형화된 규칙만으로 표현하기 어렵다. 또한 시스템의 성능 향상을 위해서 지속적인 규칙들의 수정 및 추가가 이루어져야 하며, 특히 예외적인 상황에서의 화재 발생 탐지시 문제점을 지니고 있다. 이러한 문제점들을 개선하기 위한 규칙 및 사례기반 추론을 이용한 하이브리드 화재진압통제 지능시스템 (H-FFIS)은 규칙기반 시스템보다 화재탐지율은 향상시켰으나, 수행시간이 증가되었다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 H-FFIS의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 규칙 및 클러스터링에 의한 사례기반 추론을 이용한 개선된 선박 화재진압통제 지능시스템(A-FFIS)을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 기존의 H-FFIS와 비교해 볼 때, 수행시간을 감소시키면서 정확성을 향상시키는 결과를 얻었다.

• 한국기록관리학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.121-148
• /
• 2016

MSR은 조직의 목표를 달성하기 위해 의사를 결정하고 자원을 관리하는 방법론이다. 기록관리 영역을 경영의 영역의 일부로 정의함으로써, 기록을 생산하고 관리하는 활동을 통해 조직의 설명책임성과 위험 관리 및 업무 지속성을 보장할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 논문은 MSR 표준으로 인증제도로 운영될 수 있도록 마련된 ISO 30301의 요구사항들에 대한 분석을 기반으로, MSR이 공공기관에 도입되기 위해서는 1) 표준과 법이 서로 배타적인 점이 없는지, 그래서 법령의 개정 등 보완이 필요한 부분은 어디인지, 2) 조직 자체적으로는 어떤 부분을 갖추어야 하는지, 3) 기관 평가 및 기록관리 평가 제도를 활용해서 대비할 수 있는 부분은 어디인지 등을 확인하고자 하였다. 결과적으로 법령에서 보완이 되어야 할 부분, 기관 내부의 규정으로 운영해야 할 부분을 확인하여 제시하였으며, 기관평가에 반영할 수 있는 방안도 제시하였다.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.17-40
• /
• 1985

This study investigated Korean children's early acquisition of negatives and focused on four research questions: 1) processing of negative variations; 2) the nature of negatives when negatives are completely acquired in Korean (in which meaning and form are matched in one to one mapping); 3) the validity of Bellugi's negative acquisition model in Korean; and 4) the cause of child's erroneous sentence production: limited ability or regularity in children's cognition. The language data of the five subjects (age span; 1.1 - 3.11) were collected by their parents in the natural setting of the home. The results showed that 1) the pivot form, was processed in many ways from a simple to a complicated form, such as <(X+X')+N> <(x+x')+N,Y> <(x+x') N,(y+y')>. It appeared that the children used a simple negative format to reach a one-step advanced negative format. 2) Korean negatives are divided into range of negation in the negative sentence (part or whole), strength of negation (absolute or general), functions of meaning (negation, absences, refusal, prohibition, impossibility). All five children acquired negative sentences in all functions and the complete range after 3 years of age. 3) In spite of the differences in age level, Bellugi's four stage model was in evidence; that is, Korean children's negative acquisition was almost identical with Bellugi's tour stage model in deep structure. 4) Analyses of children's error sentences showed that the sentences with errors were made not because of the children's limitation in cognitive ability but because of the strict application of regularity of rules from the original grammars. Consequently, the children produced negative sentences using two rules: the rule of additive complexity (from simple to complex) and the rule of division (from one to several).

• 융합보안논문지
• /
• 제15권6_2호
• /
• pp.37-44
• /
• 2015

사회구조의 변화에 따라 범죄연령의 변화도 발생하며, 범죄종류와 형태도 다양하게 나타나고 있다. 이에 대해 본 논문은 에밀 뒤르껭(E. Durkheim)의 아노미(Anomie) 이론을 접목하여 설명하고 있다. 아노미는 이중규범 또는 규범이 없는 상태를 의미한다. 즉, 기존의 지배적 규범이 약화되면서 새로운 규범이 정립되지 않았을 때 무규범 또는 이중규범 상태가 되어 사회적 혼란 상태를 야기 시킨다고 하는 것이다. 정보통신기술의 발달로 인한 SNS의 보급과 활용은 사회적 규범을 약화시키며 온라인상의 규범은 정립이 미약한 상태이다. 이러한 규범의 혼란 상태에서 청소년 비행은 증가하여 나타나고 있다. 소셜 미디어는 전파성, 개방성, 접근성, 관계성, 콘텐츠다양성 등의 특성을 갖고 있다. 이러한 소셜 미디어는 그 자체가 일종의 유기체처럼 성장하기 때문에 소비와 생산의 일반적인 매커니즘이 적용되지 않고, 양방향성을 활용하여 이용자들이 자발적으로 참여하고 정보를 공유하며 콘텐츠를 만들어 나가는 특성이 있다. 소셜 미디어는 청소년층에서 소통과 정보, 접촉수단으로 자리 잡고 있고, 이에 따른 비행의 접촉율도 높다. 소셜 미디어는 청소년 범죄에 직 간접적으로 영향을 미치고 있으나 이에 대한 제도적 규제도 뚜렷이 없는 실정이다.

• 수도
• /
• 제24권5호통권86호
• /
• pp.29-44
• /
• 1997

Sewage sludge produced in Korea was 1,275,800 tons (dewatered sludge cake) per year in 1996, which is 3,495 tons per day, 0.303% of 11,526,100 tons per day of sewage treated in 79 sewage treatment plants. Sludge production has been and will be increasing in accordance with construction of new facilities for sewage treatment. Most of the sludge is currently disposed by landfill and ocean dumping, but it is becoming difficult to find suitable sites for landfill, particularly in big cities such as Seoul. In addition, rapid increase of landfill cost is anticipated in a near future. Current trend for sludge disposal in advanced countries is land application. Over the past 10 to 20 years in the United States, sludge management practices have changed significantly, moving from disposal to beneficial use. They use biosolid for utilization instead of sludge for disposal. Under the Clean Water Act of 1972, amended in 1987 by Congress, the U.S. EPA was required to develop regulations for the use and disposal of sewage sludge. The EPA assessed the potential for pollutants in sewage sludge to affect public health and the environment through a number of different routes of exposure. The Agency also assessed the potential risk to human health through contamination of drinking water sources or surface water when sludge is disposed on land. The Final Rules were signed by the EPA Administrator and were published (Federal Register, 1993). These rules state that sewage sludge shall not be applied to land if the concentration of any pollutant in the sludge exceeds the ceiling concentration. In addition, the cumulative loading rate for each pollutant shall not exceed the cumulative pollutant loading rate nor should the concentration of each pollutant in the sludge exceed the monthly average concentration for the pollutant. The annual pollutant loading rate generally applies to applications of sewage sludge on agricultural lands. The most popular beneficial use of sewage sludge is land application. The sludge has to be stabilized for appling to land. One of the stabilization process for sewage sludge is lime stabilization process. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing process and the drying process. Stabilization reactor can be a drum type reactor in which a crossed mixer is equipped. The additive agents are a very reactive mixture of calcium oxide and others. The stabilized sludge is dried in sun drier or rotary kiln.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.81-89
• /
• 1996

퍼지모델링의 설계 방법을 교통경로선택의 모델동정을 위하여 제안한다. 제안된 퍼지모델은 최적화이론, 퍼지구현규칙을 사용하여 ""IF..., THEN...""의 효율적인 형태로 시스템구조와 파라미터 동정을 시행한다. 이 논문에서 간략추론, 선형추론, 병형된 선형추론의 3가지종류의 퍼지모델링 방법을 제시한다. 이 퍼지추론 방법은 인간의 교통행동의 정확한 추정과 정밀한 묘사를 위해 교통경로선택 모델을 개발하기 위해 이용된다. 퍼지규칙의 전반부 구조와 파라미터를 동정하기 위해 개선된 컴플렉스법을 사용하고, 최적후반부 파라미터를 동정하기 위해 최소자승법이 사용된다. 교통경로선택 데이타가 제안된 퍼지모델 성능을 평가하기 위해 사옹된다. 제안된 방법이 기존의 다른 연구들 - 즉 BL, PS, FL, NN, FNNs 모델 등 - 보다 더 높은 정확도를 가진 퍼지모델을 생성함을 보인다. 생성함을 보인다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.56-64
• /
• 2018

In recent years, imbalanced data is one of the most important and frequent issue for quality control in industrial field. As an example, defect rate has been drastically reduced thanks to highly developed technology and quality management, so that only few defective data can be obtained from production process. Therefore, quality classification should be performed under the condition that one class (defective dataset) is even smaller than the other class (good dataset). However, traditional multi-class classification methods are not appropriate to deal with such an imbalanced dataset, since they classify data from the difference between one class and the others that can hardly be found in imbalanced datasets. Thus, one-class classification that thoroughly learns patterns of target class is more suitable for imbalanced dataset since it only focuses on data in a target class. So far, several one-class classification methods such as one-class support vector machine, neural network and decision tree there have been suggested. One-class support vector machine and neural network can guarantee good classification rate, and decision tree can provide a set of rules that can be clearly interpreted. However, the classifiers obtained from the former two methods consist of complex mathematical functions and cannot be easily understood by users. In case of decision tree, the criterion for rule generation is ambiguous. Therefore, as an alternative, a new one-class classifier using hyper-rectangles was proposed, which performs precise classification compared to other methods and generates rules clearly understood by users as well. In this paper, we suggest an approach for improving the limitations of those previous one-class classification algorithms. Specifically, the suggested approach produces more improved one-class classifier using hyper-rectangles generated by using Gaussian function. The performance of the suggested algorithm is verified by a numerical experiment, which uses several datasets in UCI machine learning repository.