• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2019

주당 최장 법정 근로시간을 단축하는 내용의 '근로기준법 개정안'이 통과됨에 따라 근로시간 단축에 따른 근로자 소득감소, 공사기간 연장, 공사비 증가 등 다양한 문제가 발생하고 있다. 특히 다른 산업과 비교할 때, 생산성을 중시하는 건설 프로젝트의 경우 공종에 따라 주 52시간 근무제에 따른 영향의 정도가 더 클 것으로 예상되나 이에 대한 연구는 미흡한편이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 NATM 터널 공사를 대상으로 표준품셈 기반의 표준공정과 굴착 사이클 타임 그리고 공종별 단위 공기를 제시하고, 이를 통해 주 52시간 근무 적용에 따른 실제 작업조의 변화와 이에 따른 표준 공기 및 공사비의 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과 굴착 공기와 총 공기는 각각 20%, 8.9% 증가하였으나, 굴착공사비와 총 공사비는 오히려 각각 1.2%, 0.5% 감소하는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.951-959
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of linseed oil or whole linseed supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition of lactating dairy cows. Thirty six Holstein Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were blocked by milking days first and then stratified random balanced for milk yields and body weight into three groups of 12 cows each. The treatments consisted of basal ration (53:47; forage:concentrate ratio, on a dry matter [DM] basis, respectively) supplemented with 300 g/d of palm oil as a positive control diet (PO), or supplemented with 300 g/d of linseed oil (LSO), or supplemented with 688 g/d of top-dressed whole linseed (WLS). All cows were received ad libitum grass silage and individually fed according to the treatments. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks including the first 2 weeks as the adjustment period, followed by 8 weeks of measurement period. The results showed that LSO and WLS supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and live weight change; however, the animals fed WLS had higher crude protein (CP) intake than those fed PO and LSO (p<0.05). To compare with the control diet, dairy cow's diets supplemented with LSO and WLS significantly increased milk concentrations of cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05) and n-3 fatty acids (FA) (p<0.01), particularly, cis-9,12,15-C18:3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3. Supplementing LSO and WLS induced a reduction of medium chain FA, especially, C12:0-C16:0 FA (p<0.05) while increasing the concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (p<0.05). Milk FA proportions of n-3 FA remarkably increased whereas the ratio of n-6 to n-3 decreased in the cows supplemented with WLS as compared with those fed the control diet and LSO (p<0.01). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on grass silage with WLS had no effect on milk yield and milk composition; however, trans-9-C18:1, cis-9,trans-11-CLA, n-3 FA and UFA were increased while saturated FA were decreased by WLS supplementation. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition 300 g/d of oil from whole linseed should be used to lactating dairy cows' diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.331-336
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• 1990

In order to evaluate the adaptability of Aardi goats to arid environment, 5 Aardi bucks were deprived of water for four days during spring and summer seasons. The rise in average maximum ambient temperature from $24.8^{\circ}C$ in spring to $35.8^{\circ}C$ in summer caused a significant rise in rectal temperature ($0.3^{\circ}C$), respiratory rate (62%), serum osmolaity (8%) and serum sodium concentration (17%). While, it resulted in a significant decline in dry matter intake (50%), urine volume (74%) and fecal water excretion (60%) compared with their values in spring, but had no significant effect on the volume of drinking water. At the end of the 4-days deprivation period during spring, respiratory rate, dry matter intake and urine volume were reduced by 18, 77 and 91% relative to their average in control goats. The corresponding reduction in summer were 58, 100 and 100%. Serum osmolaity was risen by 15% in spring deprived goats and 29% in summer deprived goats. Rectal temperature rose by a mean value of $1.3^{\circ}C$ only in goats deprived of water in summer. Percent of moisture in the feces declined from 64 in control goats, to 24% in water deprived goats during spring season. The corresponding values in summer were 25 and 6%. These responses of Aardi goats deprived of water in summer indicate that they possess a water economy mechanism enable them to tolerate infrequent drinking in hot-arid environment.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.131-135
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• 2002

표고버섯 균사체가 항당뇨 효과에 미치는 영향을 검토하기 위해 당뇨가 유발된 흰쥐에 표고버섯 균사체을 7일간 급여시킨 후 혈장 glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride 및 ALT, AST 활성을 관찰하였고, 표고버섯 균사체 생장의 최적 배양 조건을 조사하였다. 균사체 생장을 위한 최적의 pH와 온도는 5와 $30^{\circ}C$로 나타났으며, 발효조배양시에는 최대 균사체 생장(8.13g/l)이 진탕배양일 때보다 6일 단축되었다. Hypoglycemic 효과에서 혈장 glucose는 당뇨 유발군에서 표고버섯 균사체 급여군이 대조군보다 23.0%가 유의하게 감소하였으며, 혈장 total cholesterol과 triglyceride는 20.3%와 27.1%로 낮게 나타났다. 또한 혈장 ALT와 AST 활성은 당뇨 대조군에 비해 표고버섯 균사체 급여군이 29.6%와 34.3% 낮은 활성을 보였다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2010

Objective : The present study was examined to evaluate the effects of Ecliptae Herba on the production of inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro. Methods : In cell viability, all three doses of Ecliptae Herba extract (25, 50 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$) had no significant cytotoxicity during the experimental period. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-activated cells compared to control, but these increases were dose-dependently attenuated by pre-treatment with Ecliptae Herba extract. Results : 1. LPS plays a pivotal roles in inducing to the massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in macrophages. 2. Ecliptae Herba extract reduced the elevated production of cytokines by LPS. 3. Ecliptae Herba extract reduced $PGE_2$ levels in a dose-dependent manner as a consequence of inhibition of COX-2 activity. 4. Ecliptae Herba extract significantly reduced the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ induced by LPS. 5. In histopathological study, Ecliptae Herba effectively inhibited the increases of hind paw edema, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by carrageenan treatment. Conclusions : These results provide evidences that therapeutic effect of Ecliptae Herba on the acute inflammation is partly due to the reduction of some of inflammatory factors by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.802-810
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• 2000

A total of 120 finishing crossbred pigs ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Duroc$) with equal numbers of barrows and gilts weighing 58.5 kg body weight were used in a feeding trial, and 6 pigs (three of each sex) were used in a metabolic trial to investigate the effect of phase feeding. Finishing period was divided into two phases and 4 different diets were fed for those periods. Growth performance was not significantly different among treatments within the same sex. This result showed that 16% crude protein for early finishing period and 14% crude protein diet for late finishing period should be optimum. During the early finishing period, only feed intake was significantly different between sexes (p<0.01), but in late finishing period daily weight gain (p<0.001) and feed intake (p<0.01) of barrows were significantly higher than those of gilts. During the early finishing period, digestibilities of dry matter, protein and phosphorus were significantly higher in gilts than in barrows (p<0.05). However, there was no treatment effect within same sex during the early and late finishing period. During early finishing period, excretion of N of pigs fed 16% CP diet in early and 14% CP diet in late-finishing period was less than that of pigs fed 17% CP diet in early and 15% CP diet in late-finishing period (p<0.05), but the difference was not significant. During the late finishing period, N excretion with two phase feeding was reduced by 8.5% compared with single feeding. In gilts, total cost reduction by two phase feeding compared to single feeding was 9.1%, but in barrows it was just 3.19%. Relative margin increased with two phase feeding by 2.5% in gUts and 0.2% in barrows. There was a tendency that backfat thickness at 10th rib of gilts was thinner than that of barrows (p>0.05). Within the same sexes, there was no treatment effect on back fat thickness (p>0.05). Carcass grade was improved by two phase feeding compared to single feeding. Carcass grade of gilts was significantly better than that of barrows (p<0.001). From this results, it is concluded that finishing pigs could be fed two-phase diets to improve profit and reduce pollution.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.795-801
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• 2000

A total of 120 growing crossbred pigs ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Duroc$) with equal numbers of barrows and gilts were used in the feeding trial in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (gender by feeding regimens) to investigate the effect of phase feeding on growth performance during the 25 to 58 kg body weight growth stage, and 6 pigs (three of each sex) were used in a metabolic trial. The growing period was divided into two phases and 4 different CP diets were used to make 3 different feeding regimens (GE18-GL18; 18% CP diets for both early and later growing period, GE18-GL16; 18% CP diet for early and 16% CP diet for later growing period, GE19-GL17; 19% CP diet for early and 17% CP diet for later growing period). There were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments during the entire growing period. However, during the later growing period, feed intake of barrows was significantly higher than that of gilts (p<0.05). Average daily gain of barrows was higher than that of gilts (p>0.05). Based on the result, growth performance differences between barrows and gilts appeared to begin after 40 kg of body weight. There was no significant difference in digestibility among treatments or between sexes. During the early growing period the 18% CP diet showed better digestibility than the 19% CP diet. However, during the later growing period, the 18% and 17% CP diets exhibited similar digestibilities, although 16% CP diet showed slightly lower digestibility than 18% and 17% CP diets. During the early growing period, fecal N and P excretion of pigs fed the 19% CP were higher than that of those fed the 18% CP diet. During later growing period, fecal N and P excretion by those receiving the two phase feeding compared to single phase feeding was reduced by 10.2% and 2.0%, respectively. In the gilts, the cost reduction by two phase feeding (GE18-GL16) compared to single feeding was around 3.81%, but that of barrows was only 0.52%. The results suggested that the same nutrient levels could be applied to barrows and gilts during the growing period. Also, this study suggested the optimum protein and lysine level for early and later growing pigs to be 18% CP, 1.0% lysine and 16% CP, 0.8% lysine, respectively. Feeding two diets to growing pigs, i.e., two-phase feeding, would be more appropriate than feeding a single diet on economic and environmental considerations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.390-395
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• 2005

Reported here are the effects of added formic acid on inhibitory effect of Salmonella gallinarum in poultry feed. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of poultry feed using different dietary formic acid levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) on inhibitory effect of S. gallinarum in broiler feed. Experiment one was conducted to investigate the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of artificially contaminated diet at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment in vitro. Formic acid showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the viability for all treatments with time after treatment. Various formic acid levels in vitro showed a reduction in the pH of the diet depending upon the concentration of treated acid, and the diet remained acidic below the growth range of S. gallinarum. This meant that the bacterial cells were exposed to stressful conditions that made them unable to grow. Experiment two was conducted to find out the effect of dietary formic acid levels on S. gallinarum colonization and pH in the contents of crop, small intestine, large intestine and ceca and mortality rate of broiler chicks at 7, 14 and 21 days of age when fed artificially contaminated diet with S. gallinarum. The numbers of S. gallinarum re-isolated from all treated groups except in groups treated with 0.5% formic acid, decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with the control group. The treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop, small intestine, large intestine and ceca contents in all groups except the groups treated with 0.5% formic acid compared with the control. All treated groups showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in overall mortality rate during the experimental period (3 to 21 days) compared with the control. The results indicate that addition of formic acid in a total concentration of 1.5% to the diet of newly hatched broiler chicks significantly decreases the contamination of diet with S. gallinarum.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.703-708
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to establish washing conditions for vegetable salad to reduce the microbial hazard by using sodium hypochlorite solution and eventually to implement HACCP for salad processing. By using the salad production line of Shinkeum Co. located in Gwacheon, Gyunggi-do, salad samples were washed under several washing conditions (chlorine dip period, chlorine concentration, rinse time, etc.) to determine the most effective conditions. The original washing line consisted of 3 baths (100 ppm chlorine water dip, water rinse, and water rinse), each with a capacity of 100 L of tap water and 5 kg of salad. First, the salad samples were washed with 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite solution for various dip times (3, 6, 9, 12 min); however, only a 1 log- or less-reduction in total microbial counts was achieved in all groups and the time of chlorine water dip was not a significant factor in reducing the microbial hazard. When another water bath was added before the chlorine water dip (4-bath washing), a 2 log-reduction in total microbial counts was achieved. This result suggested the importance of pre-dipping salad materials in water before chlorine treatment to reduce the organic load on the surface of the vegetables. Coliforms were not detected at all after washing. As the concentration of chlorine $(50{\sim}150\;ppm)$ and rinse time $(0.5{\sim}2\;min)$ increased, greater microbial reduction was achieved; however, physical damage of the salad was observed. Finally, the optimum washing conditions for salad were determined as 3 min-water dip, 3 min-chlorine (100 ppm) dip, 2 min-rinse, and 2 min-rinse.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2006

The effect of vitamin E supplementation on plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol level, total antioxidant level and reproductive performance in Murrah buffaloes was studied during periparturient period. Twenty-four advance pregnant buffaloes were randomly divided into four equal groups as $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ and were supplemented with 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 IU of ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate (Merck) from 60 days prepartum to 30 days postpartum and 0, 500, 750 and 1,000 IU from 30 to 60 days postpartum, respectively. Blood samples were collected at -60, -45, -30, -15, -7, 0, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of parturition and were analyzed for plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and total antioxidant activity (TAA). The intake of DM, CP and TDN did not vary among different groups. Plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and TAA around parturition (-7 to 15 day) in $T_3$ and $T_4$ were significantly higher than the control group. There was 17% reduction in retention of fetal membranes (RFM) and metritis in $T_4$ than control. The post partum estrus interval averaged 58.00, 55.33, 51.83 and 43.00 days in $T_1$, $T_2$, $T_3$ and $T_4$ respectively. There was significant reduction in days open in both $T_3$ and $T_4$ in comparison to $T_1$ group (127,130 Vs.146). All the vitamin E supplemented groups showed reduction in days open than their previous lactation performance. Supplementation of vitamin E at $1,500IU\;d^{-1}$ from 60 day prepartum to 30 day post partum to buffaloes exhibited beneficial effect on plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol level and TAA around parturition and continuation of its supplementation at $1,000IU\;d^{-1}$ from 30 to 60 days of lactation improved post partum reproductive performance of buffaloes.