• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.902-915
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• 2022

Objective: Diet acidification supplementation is known to influence intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broilers. Alterations in intestinal barrier and microbiota have been associated with systemic inflammation and thus regulating bone turnover. Hence the effect of acidifier addition to drinking water on tibia mass and the linkages between intestinal integrity and bone were studied. Methods: One-d-old male broilers were randomly assigned to normal water (control) or continuous supply of acidified water (2% the blend of 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid, lactic, and phosphoric acid) group with 5 replicates of 10 chicks per replicate for 42 d. Results: Acidification of drinking water improved the ash percentage and calcium content of tibia at 42 d. Broilers receiving acidified water had increased serum P concentration compared to control birds. The acidified group showed improved intestinal barrier, evidenced by increased wall thickness, villus height, the villus height to crypt depth ratio, and upregulated mucin-2 expression in ileum. Broilers receiving drinking water containing mixed organic acids had a higher proportion of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, as well as a lower population of Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the addition of acidifier to drinking water resulted in declined ileal and serum proinflammatory factors level and increased immunoglobulin concentrations in serum. Concerning bone remodeling, acidifier addition was linked to a decrease in serum C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase reflecting bone resorption, whereas it did not apparently change serum alkaline phosphatase activity that is a bone formation marker. Conclusion: Acidified drinking water increased tibia mineral deposition of broilers, which was probably linked with higher P utilization and decreased bone resorption through improved intestinal integrity and gut microbiota and through decreased systemic inflammation.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2022

According to the Credit Information Act, in order to protect customer information by relationship of credit information subjects, it is destroyed and stored separately in two stages according to the period after the financial transaction effect is over. However, there is a limitation in that the destruction of personal credit information of customers whose financial transaction effect has expired cannot be collectively destroyed when the transaction has been terminated, depending on the nature of the financial product and transaction. To this end, the IT person in charge is developing a computerized program according to the target and order of destruction by investigating the business relationship by transaction type in advance. In this process, if the identification of the upper relation between tables is unclear, a compliance issue arises in which personal credit information cannot be destroyed or even information that should not be destroyed because it depends on the subjective judgment of the IT person in charge. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a model and algorithm for identifying the referenced table based on SQL executed in the computer program, analyzing the upper relation between tables with the primary key information of the table, and visualizing and objectively selecting the range to be destroyed. presented and implemented.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2023

Currently, almost all product development in the jewelry industry utilizes 3D CAD and 3D printing. In this situation, 3D CAD modeling and 3D printing ability units in colleges, Tomorrow Learning Card Education, and Course Evaluation-type jewelry design related education are conducted with developed curriculum based on the standards for training standards, training hours, training equipment, and practice materials presented by NCS. Accordingly, this study analyzes 3D CAD modeling and 3D printing training facilities, training hours, training equipment, etc into three categories of NCS precious metal processing and jewelry design, and studies the development of educational systems such as 3D CAD/3D printing curriculum and various environments that meet these standards. Education using this 3D CAD/3D printing education system will enable us to continuously supply professional talent with practical skills not only in the jewelry industry but also in the entire 3D CAD/3D printing manufacturing industry, which is called as one of the pillars of the 4th Industry. The quality of employment of trainees receiving education and the long-term retention rate after employed can also have a positive effect. In addition, excellent educational performance will help improve the recruitment rate of new students in jewelry jobs or manufacturing-related departments, which are difficult to recruit new students in recent years.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.302-316
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• 2023

Objectives: The study aim was to identify changes in the nutritional status of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic according to household income and demographic characteristics. Methods: Study participants were 2,408 adults aged 65 and over who participated in the 2019-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). To examine changes in nutrient intake levels resulting from COVID-19, data of 2019 and of 2020 were compared. Study participants were divided into three groups based on household income level to compare these changes. The changes were compared according to household income level, age group, and household type. Results: Percentages of recommended intakes for energy, protein, and most micronutrients were the lowest for the low-income group of both males and females in 2020. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) score was the lowest for the low-income group in both years. When comparing nutrient density for 2019 and 2020 by income group, the male low-income group experienced a decrease in nutrient densities of vitamin A, thiamine, calcium, and iron. For the same group, a decreased percentage for energy intake from protein was noted. Fruit intake was lowest in the low-income group for both males and females. Low-income males had the lowest intake levels for meat, fish, eggs, and legumes in both 2019 and 2020 and the lowest milk and milk product intake levels in 2020. Older adults living alone or single older adults with children had lower MAR scores than those living with a spouse. Older adults living alone experienced decreases in energy and thiamine and iron intake levels in 2020 compared to their intake levels in 2019. Conclusions: Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrition intake levels worsened for older adult males in the low-income group and older adults living alone. This finding shows the need for a more systematic nutritional support strategy for the vulnerable older adults population in national disaster situations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.79-90
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• 1997

The world-wide cigarette market is becoming increasingly regulated. This involves restrictions on the freedom to advertise, restrictions on where people can smoke, and in some ways of most importance, limits on cigarette smoke deliveries. In particular, in an increasingly large number of countries maximum tar legislation is being enacted. In many cases, such as the European Union, this type of legislation is progressive and over time it is entirely conceivable that maximum permitted tar deliveries will be reduced to as low as 5 mg, possibly with additional restrictions on smoke nicotine deliveries. In addition, the pace of change is increasing as more and more countries embark on tar reduction programmes. The key challenge facing the cigarette industry is to manage these changes in such a way which ensures that product acceptability is maintained at as high a level as is possible in these circumstances. There are a number of ways of achieving this involving filter ventilation, modifying blends and using different filter constructions The real innovation comes when combining these in a way that gives the most acceptable balance of all these competing variables as far as the smoker is concerned. Undoubtedly, the nature of the filter is of crucial importance in designing the most acceptable low tar products, and this paper will discuss some of the filter types which are currently in use in the various low tar markets around the world. Also, some thoughts about the future in terms of new filter developments will be presented.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.181-192
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• 2015

The layout includes various functions not only arrangement, connection, division of information but also affordance and information recognition as the important element that determine the whole structure of information. Recently, the layout of web interface design was gradually changing from the concept of the original Z-layout to F-layout, whereas, it is being changed again into the split layout as the transform of Z-layout. However, there can be lack of grounds as to the reason of the change of layout. Therefore, it needs to study on how the functional difference between the F-layout and Z-layout affects user experience. In this study, we conduct the study on the effect of each layout type on the user experience focusing on the product description of web-page by user test. The user test have shown that the user has better feeling on the split layout based on the Z-layout than F-layout. The Z-layout also has more advantages on the formation of the favorable attitude of user in efficiency, accessibility and concentration. This result is consistent with the trend of web-design to change into the split layout based on the Z-layout and we provided the objective reasons for the effective web-design layout by user test.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.169-184
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• 2017

There is a lot of needs that are not expressed as much as the expressed needs in familiar products and services that are used in daily life such as a smartphone. Finding the 'Inconveniences in familiar use' make it possible to create opportunities for value expanding in the existing products and service area. There are a lot of related works, which have studied the definition of hidden needs and the methods to find it. But, they are making it difficult to address the hidden needs in the cases of familiar use due to focus on the new product or service developing typically. In this study, we try to redefine the hidden needs in the daily familiarity and approach it in the new way to find out. Because of the users' unability to express what they want and the complexity of needs which can not be explained clearly, we can not approach it as the quantitative issue. For this reason, the basic data type selected as the user behavior data excluding all description is the screen-shot of the smartphone. We try to apply the integrated rules and patterns to the individual data using the qualitative coding techniques to overcome the limitations of qualitative analysis based on unstructured data. From this process, We can not only extract meaningful clues which can make to understand the hidden needs but also identify the possibility as a way to discover hidden needs through the review of relevance to actual market trends. The process of finding hidden needs is not easy to systemize in itself, but we expect the possibility to be conducted a reference frame for finding hidden needs of other further studies.

• Design Convergence Study
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.209-221
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• 2015

This study investigates in depth of the new marketing trend, in which social media, an effective marketing tool for promoting a new product, and gamification technic of engaging consumers in communication, are combined. Although gamification has been applied to various fields for a long time, conventional way of applying gamification is different from when it is combined with socialmedia. Therefore, this study examines the background and characteristics of the convergence phenomena between the social media and gamification based on the theoretical consideration of the social media and gamification. Then, the cases of social media marketing utilizing gamification are analyzed and classified into general participation, active participation, creative behavior, networking, and experiential type according to the user's different levels and ways of participation. As a result, when the social media and gamification are combined, the change of an aspect is found to be more meaningfully influential to today's consumers as in competition - achievement - relationship, compared to the conventional way of game mechanics. This study has significance in the way that it established a useful basis for the marketing strategy through the study of the new game mechanics that has been applied to social media marketing utilizing gamification.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.37-50
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• 2017

This study was performed to understand Malaysian Muslims' awareness, attitudes and purchasing behaviour on ginseng (G) and red ginseng (RG) products. A survey of 200 Muslims residing in Malaysia was conducted on awareness, eating experience, preferences, cognitive efficiency of G and RG products, purchase behaviors and satisfaction through a online-survey methodology. Results shows that 50 % and 40% of the participants aware the G and RG products. In particular, awareness amongst female or married consumers is relatively high. Health promotion is the major reasons to consume eat G and RG products in this group of participants. However, the most frequently consumed type of G products was ginseng coffee, candies and chocolates, in their 40s and 50s or married consumers. Participants are also aware of the efficacy claims of these products with regard to improvement of fatigue, immunity and hypertension. While Malaysian Muslim consumers are satisfied with the health claims, convenience to purchase and tastes and aroma, they are dissatisfied with packaging specifications, price. Participants would intend to recommend G and RG products to relatives (82.6%), and are willing to buy them in the future (83.5%). Conclusively, there must be a clear interest and demands of Halal-certified G and RG products among Malaysian Muslims and it is deemed to need of strategic product development and marketing to enhance awareness of G and RG products in the future.

• Clean Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2023

The homogeneous catalyst, Ru-MACHO-BH, selectively performs hydrogenation reactions only on the carbonyl group of α, β-unsaturated aldehyde compounds with extremely high reactivity and selectivity. However, the hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated aldehydes involves a heterogeneous Diels-Alder reaction, resulting in the formation of significant amounts of byproducts, such as dimers. In this study, we used the Ru-MACHO-BH catalyst (Carbonyl hydrido (tetrahydroborato) [bis (2-diphenyl phosphino ethyl) amino] ruthenium(II)) to selectively hydrogenate the carbonyl group of a specific type of α, β-unsaturated aldehyde called methacryl aldehyde, leading to the synthesis of methallyl alcohol. Simultaneously, we applied diols to inhibit the formation of byproducts. The results demonstrate that monoethylene glycol can significantly reduce the formation of diols. Based on these results, we effectively suppressed the formation of dimers containing vinyl groups in methacryl aldehyde by using hydroquinone, which can efficiently inhibit the chemical interaction of vinyl groups. Consequently, the conversion rate of methacryl aldehyde was increased. Ultimately, by reducing the amount of the expensive homogeneous catalyst Ru-MACHO-BH to 1/10, we achieved a selectivity of over 90% and a yield of over 80% for the desired product, methallyl alcohol. These results provide a method to minimize yield reduction while reducing the usage of expensive catalysts, thereby improving cost-effectiveness. We expect that the reaction could be applied to various kinds of selective hydrogenation and has been successfully run on an industrial scale.