• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.47-67
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• 2020

I explore that South Korea's major import fishery product markets-frozen hairtail, frozen mackerel, frozen pollock and frozen squid-are integrated by testing whether there is favorable evidence of the law of one price (LOP). Unlike previous studies on the LOP for fishery product markets, I assume non-zero import costs and include them in a trade model. To explore whether LOP holds for major import fishery product markets in South Korea with non-zero import costs, I utilize a non-linear time-series model, Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) model with the sample periods from January in 2002 to December in 2019. I find that the behaviors of home-foreign price (i.e., import price) differentials of all four major import fishery products are non-linear depending on whether trade occurs and favorable evidence of LOP for each import market in South Korea. These findings indicate that each of South Korea's major import fishery product markets is integrated. They imply that the supply of each major import fishery product-frozen hairtail, frozen pollock, frozen mackerel and frozen squid, and their prices are stable even if there is an economic shock on each market. When it comes to trade policy implications, the Korean trade policy including tariffs or quotas against their import countries for the four major import fishery products may not have influences on their price in the markets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2012

To analyze any given situation, it is necessary to have information on elements which affect the situation. Particularly, there is greater variability in both frequency and magnitude of agricultural product prices as they are affected by various unpredictable factors such as weather conditions etc. This is the reason why it is difficult for the farmers to maintain their stable income through agricultural production and marketing. In this research, attempts are made to quantify the entropy of various situations inherent in the price changes so that the stability of farmers' income can be increased. Through this research, we developed an entropy model which can quantify the uncertainties of price changes using the probability distribution of price changes. The model was tested for its significance by comparing its simulation outcomes with actual ranges and standard deviations of price variations of the past using monthly agricultural product prices data. We confirmed that the simulation results reflected the features of the ranges and standard deviations of actual price variations. Also, it is possible for us to predict standard deviations for changed prices which will occur after a certain time using the information entropy obtained from relevant agricultural product price data before the time.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.393-415
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• 2014

This study examines the dynamics of trust and distrust at different price levels. We first note that trust and distrust are built with cognitive and affective foundations, and price is viewed as a financial burden or product quality information. Then, we relate price changes to trust and distrust, and hypothesize their interactions: price as a quality cue will positively moderate the cognitive dimension of trust, whereas price as financial burden will negatively moderate the affective dimensions of trust and distrust. We surveyed 263 online mall shoppers in Korea. Among our eight hypotheses, six are fully supported and two are partially supported. The result shows that price perception interacts with both the cognitive and affective dimensions of trust and distrust, but its specific impacts are distinguished by the price perceptions, whether it is financial burden or product quality information.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-116
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• 2007

This paper considers the value of location in a linear city model and examines the product differentiation equilibrium of duopoly providing different benefits to consumers. We show that if the value of location is small, symmetric location equilibrium occurs where two firms follow the maximal differentiation principle. However, as the value of location increases, asymmetric location equilibrium occurs where the low-value-location firm moves to the high-value-location firm and thus adjusted maximal differentiation principle holds. We also investigate two different price leadership model and demonstrate the relationship between the value of location and the role of price leadership. In particular, we show that when the location value is high, the price leadership by high-value-location firm will appear as a unique equilibrium.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.99-124
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• 2006

The purposes of the study are two-folds. First, it analyzes how factors other than price(e.g. delivery service, saving point policies, free gifts) impact total price for various products and different types of stores. Second, it analyzes how to increase market efficiencies through price level, price differences, and the frequency of price changes for different shops, various products and different types of transactions. By analyzing the price level within different types of stores, there found that prices at on-line store were lower than off-line shops. It also found price differences between pure on-line, hybrid, and off-line store. Comparing prices by product size, there found that pure on-line shops have a lower price compared to others. The results showed that on-line store had lower price variation compared to off-line shops. When comparing pure on-line store to hybrid store, hybrid store had lower price variation. In terms of the frequency of price changes, hybrid stores had higher price fluctuations. In terms of total price differences for delivery distances, pure on-line store had great price fluctuation, excluding cosmetic goods. In conclusion, if we consider price level and price fluctuations, on-line store had more efficiencies and was superior in terms of price effectiveness. Hybrid shops, on the other hand, had greater advantages for seasonal goods and dominant products. Therefore, market entry strategies should differ based on order quantity, type of store(pure on-line, hybrid, off-line), product characteristics(seasonality, product life), etc.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.1 s.66
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to identify the SPA(Specialty store retailer of Private label Apparel) characteristics and product supply process of Korean casual apparel brands. The research was conducted by questionnaire surveys to 63 casual apparel brands. SPA characteristics of each brand were measured with four SPA characteristic indices: short product supply cycle, spacious retail floor, single brand retail store, and low product price compared to the quality of the product. The 63 apparel brands were grouped by SPA index score. The brands belonged to group H had high index score and brands in group L had low index score. The results of this study showed that the most of the casual apparel brands' products were sold at department stores, especially the brands belonged to group L greatly depended on department stores. Few apparel brands have spacious retail floor. The retail product price of the brands belonged to group H was low price while the product price of the brands belonged to group L was in the medium-high price. The supply time of the new products was short in general. The most brands supplied new styles to the retail floor within 1 to 3 weeks. The information technology was heavily used. The brands belonged to group H highly used information technology including bar codes system, pas data analysis, and inventory control system. The current style trends were analyzed with street fashion and feedback from the shop managers.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.69-81
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• 2007

This study, for the purpose of comparing and analyzing 23ea of national unisex apparel brands website consists of product, price, promotion and place divided by marketin gmix. Based of theoretical study and pre-research about the marketing mix, we made the classification standard for the marketing mix and analyzed the unisex apparel brand website according to 4P's individual item and the result was appeared like this. First of all, in the product section, this study provide information about product introduction/guidance, a product figure for item, introduction for new items, propose for coordination and brand introduction/information. Secondly, in the price part, almost apparel brands are provide their product's image, or present their goods photo with price, or displayed through the banner advertisement of discount or special price. Thirdly, For the marketing promotion part, compare to the other component in the most of apparel brand's website, marketing promotion has more section than the other marketing mix. And, especially, various events and customer service space has more weight than the others. Forth, in the place section, it's focused on the information of shopping mall location, contact number, address, and on-line shopping mall. In Conclusion, when the most of apparel brands are doing internet marketing, they're concern to product and promotion, but price and place needs more supplement in the unisex apparel brand's marketing mix.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.169-194
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• 2016

This study aims to explain the cause of price differences of bi-national products based on consumer response of product type, distribution channel, and consumer nationality, respectively. Specifically this study investigated whether price discount and distribution channel affect consumer evaluation by luxury and non-luxury product type. In the case of bi-national product toward the non-luxury, price discount had positive influence on preference, regardless of distribution channel. By revealing the influence of price discount on bi-national products on consumer response of product type and distribution channel respectively, the study suggests meaningful implications for the strategic management of bi-national products.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.85-115
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• 2013

Digital knowledge and information goods as experience goods have some unique characteristics such as close to zero reproduction and distribution cost, high price volatility, and low price acceptability. For the reasons, the pricing policies of digital knowledge goods are very difficult and complicate. Also, most consumers of digital goods have experienced cognitive dissonance after buying decision. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what factors affect the price acceptability level and cognitive dissonance of digital knowledge goods buyers. This paper suggest a structural model that was established by the cognitive dissonance theory and S-O-R(Stimulus-Organization-Response) model. The model is consisted of four exogenous variables and three endogenous variables. The empirical test and statistical analysis suggest following results and practical implications. The variables such as product involvement and perception of price fairness that have positive roles to price acceptability have strong influence on the all the three endogenous variables. But the variables such as sale proneness and price mavenism that have negative roles to price acceptability have little influence on the all the three endogenous variables. In the model, the payment intention was very important mediating variable between exogenous variables and two dependent variables, ie. price acceptability and cognitive dissonance. These results imply that the digital knowledge portals must have some differentiated pricing policies to the customers who have price consciousness and price mavenism. Also, they need some special promotions to whom have positive attitude to the value of digital goods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.106-120
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• 2015

This study analyzed the effects of website and consumer's characteristics on price sensitivity as well as the effects of price sensitivity on repurchasing and switching intention. It ascertains differences in: website and consumer's characteristics, price sensitivity, and repurchasing and switching intention according to type of internet shopping mall. A survey was conducted from July 10 to August 20 in 2013, and 492 responses were used for data analysis. As a result, the reputation, ease of price search, and depth of product information positively influenced the price search and the interactivity of website characteristics positively influenced price importance. Product knowledge and information search of fashion consumers positively influenced price sensitivity. Also, the price sensitivity of internet fashion consumer positively influenced repurchasing intention. The price search positively affected the switching intention, while the price importance negatively affected the switching intention. Last, there were significant differences in the reputation, ease of price search, information search, price sensitivity, repurchasing and switching intention according to type of internet shopping mall.