• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate and compare new beer (NB) with market beers, e.g., New castle brown ale (NC), Victoria bitter (VB), and Coopers pale ale (CP) using physicochemical parameters. In addition, pattern recognition analyses were carried out using an electronic nose based on mass spectrometry (MS-E nose) and an electronic tongue (E-tongue) for differentiation of the different types of beer. The measured alcohol content of NB was 4.37%. NB was not significantly different compared with other types of beer with regard to bitterness unit, color, and polyphenol content (p<0.05). On the basis of the flavor pattern determined by the MS-E nose, NB was separated by DF1 (first score from discriminant function analysis), while NC, VB, and CP were located in the same group. The result of the E-tongue showed that the different samples could be clearly discriminated; NB was less sour. It was suggested that the discriminant function analysis (DFA) given by the MS-E nose and E-tongue could be used for evaluations during new product development. Furthermore, because of its simplicity, it might be possible to use the validated method for the evaluation of beer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2017

The vehicle lubricant occupies upto 35% in a total lubricant market and engine oil occupies upto 77% in the vehicle lubricant market in Korea. A suitable quality management of the circulating engine oil is necessary for driver and engine protection. But, KS and synthetic engine oil products (involved over 30% synthetic oil) are exempt to any quality management under Petroleum and Alternative Fuel Business Act. It is also known that synthetic oils such as PAO (poly alpha olefin) have excellent properties and performance like anti-wear, varnish control and oxidation stability than those of mineral oils. For this reason, PAO has been used for an engine oil, rotary screw and reciprocating compressor in addition to heavy duty and other extreme service applications. In this study, our research group analyzed the chromatogram pattern for the mineral oil, PAO and mineral oil involved a typical ratio of PAO using SIMDIST (simulated distillation). In the SIMDIST chromatogram, the mineral oil showed a broad peak, while PAO showed a sharp typical peak. Also the oil with a large viscosity grade exhibited a long retention time due to the heavy molecular weight and high boiling point. In particular, the blended mineral oil with 20% PAO sample showed a distinctly different pattern compared to that of using the conventional mineral oil. For monitoring PAO contents in distributing engine oils, we analyzed the SIMDIST for 27 kinds of engine oils which were popularly sold in Korea. The analytic results indicate that all kinds of engine oils showed that PAO contents were below 20% in engine oil products. Moreover, the PAO titled product was found to have a small amount of PAO. Thus, we conclude that the related laws for the proper quality management of synthetic oils are needed to be established.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

Eleven polyhydroxyursane triterpenoids (PHUTs) were tested to determine their cytoprotective, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects. To compare the bioactivities of $19{\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids {23-hydroxytormentic acid (6), its methyl ester (7), tormentic acid (8), niga-ichigoside $F_1$ (9),euscaphic acid (10) and kaji-ichigoside $F_1$ (11)} of the Rosaceae crude drugs (Rubi Fructus and Rosa rugosae Radix) with PHUTs possessing no $19{\alpha}-hydroxyl$ of Centella asiatica (Umbelliferae), the four PHUTs, asiaticoside (1), madecassoside (2), asiatic acid (3), and madecassic acid (4) were isolated from C. asiatica and 23-hydroxyursolic acid (5) from Cussonia bancoensis. Cytoprotective effects were assessed by measuring cell viabilities against cisplatin-induced cytotoxocity in $LLC-PK_1$, cells (proximal tubule, pig kidney) to determine whether these agents have protective effects against nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin. The inhibitory effect of 11 PHUTS on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ were evaluated by measuring nitrite accumulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, and their anti-inflammatory effects were tested in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model. Six MHUTs (compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, and 11) exhibited higher cell viabilities during cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity testing even at a concentration of $200\;{\mu}g/ml$ than cisplatin only-treated group, suggesting that ese compounds have the potentcytoprotective efffcts. Compounds 1 and 3 of the C. asiatica and niga-ichigoside $F_1$ exhibited no inhibitory effect on NO and/or $PGE_2$ production whereas other PHUTs produced mild to significant NO and/or $PGE_2$ production.The four compounds (2, 5, 9, and 10) potently inhibited mouse ear edema induced by TPA whereas two compounds (1 and 3) had no activity in this test. These results suggest that many PHUTs are potentchemopreventives. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) was also discussed in each assay with regard to the significant role of OHs at the position of 2, 3, 6, 19, and 23 and to the glycoside linkage at the 28-carboxyl.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 2005

This trial was carried out to determine effects of organic feeds in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats. Twelve Korean native goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and then they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet (A) as a control group and three organic feed groups (B: organic rice straw, C: organic nee leaves, D: organic mixture of rice straw and tree leaves). The A treatment, conventional diet, consisted of common rice straw and commercial concentrates at a proportion of 60 and 40%, respectively. All ingredients of organic feeds treatments were organically produced-agricultural products without any application of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Four experimental diets were formulated to have the same ratio of forage to concentrate and similar contents for protein and carbohydrate across treatments and they were offered to goats ad libitum. Feed intake, apparent nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention were investigated. For chemical compositions of experimental diets, all nutrients except crude ash and ether extract were not significantly different across treatments as we expected. Crude ash content was highest in the A treatment (P<0.05), however, it was not significantly different among organic feeds treatments. Ether extract content was higher (P<0.05) in C and D treatments than in A and B. Even if dry matter intakes for organic feeds treatments were not significantly different among them, they were significantly higher (P<0.05) compared with conventional diet. Fecal excreta were not significantly different across treatments, resulting in significantly higher digestible dry matter (g/day) in treatments of organic feeds (P<0.01). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) were more increased (P<0.01) in treatments of organic feeds compared with conventional diet. Digestibilities for most of nutrients except NFC had the same trend as ADG and FE, however, NFC digestibilities for C and D treatments were significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of A and B. Nitrogen intakes for organic feeds treatments were significantly higher (P<0.001) than conventional diet, with no difference among organic feeds treatments. Fecal nitrogen loss was higher (P<0.05) for C and D treatments than for A and B. Retained nitrogen contents were significantly higher (P<0.05) for organic feeds treatments than for conventional diet, but nitrogen retention rate did not show any difference across treatments. The results showed that organic feed supplementation more improved feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in comparison with conventional diet, and thus they could be concluded that organic feeds might contribute to animal performance and a safer production of animal product.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.444-453
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• 2014

In this paper, we made sausages which included 1% black garlic extracts at $15^{\circ}Bx$ mixed with 0.3% dried powders of Curcuma longa L. (ST1), Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten (ST2), Asparagus ocinals L. (ST3) and Aloe vera (ST4), respectively, and evaluated the quality of the sausage by instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation. The sausages were stored at $8^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks. In terms of color intensity, ST2 provided the highest lightness (L) and redness (a), while the yellowness (b) was the highest in ST3. In the initial duration, the control group of sausage showed the highest texture measurement. ST4 had the lowest pH level (highest acidity). These outcomes decreased as the storage time became longer. In the initial storage duration, the ST4 had the highest total sugar content ($17.64{\pm}0.92mg/100g$), and this increased with longer storage duration. Since the contents of TBARS for the proposed sausages had been incremented, the initial contents were generally lower than those of the control sausages. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was performed as $89.11{\pm}0.66{\sim}99.22{\pm}0.09%$ at the $1000{\mu}g/mL$ level during the initial day of storage. To conclude, the sausages supplemented the black garlic with the proposed dried powders have a high chance of being a suitable commercial product for both customs and marketing eld.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.143-148
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• 2015

Yogurt powder is fermented milk processed in the form of dry yogurt, and has advantages such as stability, storability, convenience, and portability. China and Vietnam are important export target countries because of the increased demand for dairy products. Therefore, we surveyed dairy product standardization in order to establish an export strategy. Lactic acid bacteria counts are unregulated in Korea and Vietnam. In China, lactic acid bacteria counts are regulated at $1{\times}10^6$ colonyforming units (CFU)/mL and detected at $6.24{\pm}0.33\;Log\;CFU/mL$. All three countries have regulated standards for total bacterial counts. In China, total bacterial counts of milk powder are regulated to n=5, c=2, m=50,000, M=200,000 and detected at $6.02{\pm}0.12\;Log\;CFU/mL$, exceeding the acceptable level. Lactic acid bacterial counts appeared to exceed total bacterial counts. Coliform group counts, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella species were not detected. Acidity is not regulated in Korea and Vietnam. In China, acidity was regulated to over $70^{\circ}T$ and detected $352.38{\pm}10.24^{\circ}T$. pH is unregulated in all three countries. pH was compared to that of general fermented milk, which is 4.2, and that of the sample was $4.28{\pm}0.01$. Aflatoxin levels are not regulated in Korea and China. In Vietnam, aflatoxin level is regulated at 0.05 ppb. Therefore, all ingredients of the yogurt powder met the safety standards. This data obtained in this study can be used as the basic data in assessing the export quality of yogurt powder.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate in vitro methane production of feed ingredients and relationship between the content of crude nutrients and methane production. Feed ingredients (total 26) were grouped as grains (5 ingredients), brans and hulls (8), oil seed meals (9) roughages (3), and animal by-product (1) from their nutrient composition and their methane production protential were measured by in vitro gas test. Among the groups, the in vitro methane productions for both 6 and 24 h incubation were highest in grains, followed by brans and hulls, oil meals and roughages, animal byproducts. Within the group of grains, methane production from wheat flour was the highest, followed by wheat, corn, tapioca, and then oat. Within the brans and hulls, soybean hull showed the highest methane production and cotton seed hull, the lowest. Methane production from oil meals was lower compared with grains and brans and hulls, and in decreasing order production from canola meal was followed by soybean meal, coconut meal, and corn germ meal (p<0.01). Three ingredients were selected and the interactions among feed ingredients were evaluated for methane production. Correlation coefficient between measured and estimated values of the combinations were 0.91. Methane production from each feed ingredient was decreased with increasing amount of crude fiber (CF), protein (CP) and ether extract (EE), whereas positive relationship was noted with the concentrations of N-free extract (NFE). The multiple regression equation (n=134) for methane production and nutrient concentrations was as follows. Methane production (ml/0.2 g DM)=(0.032${\times}$CP)-(0.057${\times}$EE)-(0.012${\times}$CF)+(0.124${\times}$NFE) (p<0.01; $R^2$=0.929). Positive relationship was noted for CP and NFE and negative relationship for CF and EE. It seems possible to predict methane production potential from nutritional composition of the ingredients for their effective application on formulating less methane emitting rations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1273-1279
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine an optimal cultivation time for populations of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) co-cultured in fermented milk and effects of soybean meal fermented milk (SBMFM) supplementation on rumen degradability in beef cattle using nylon bag technique. The study on an optimal cultivation time for yeast and LAB growth in fermented milk was determined at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-cultivation. After fermenting for 4 days, an optimal cultivation time of yeast and LAB in fermented milk was selected and used for making the SBMFM product to study nylon bag technique. Two ruminal fistulated beef cattle ($410{\pm}10kg$) were used to study on the effect of SBMFM supplementation (0%, 3%, and 5% of total concentrate substrate) on rumen degradability using in situ method at incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h according to a Completely randomized design. The results revealed that the highest yeast and LAB population culture in fermented milk was found at 72 h-post cultivation. From in situ study, the soluble fractions at time zero (a), potential degradability (a+b) and effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM) linearly (p<0.01) increased with the increasing supplemental levels and the highest was in the 5% SBMFM supplemented group. However, there was no effect of SBMFM supplement on insoluble degradability fractions (b) and rate of degradation (c). In conclusion, the optimal fermented time for fermented milk with yeast and LAB was at 72 h-post cultivation and supplementation of SBMFM at 5% of total concentrate substrate could improve rumen degradability of beef cattle. However, further research on effect of SBMFM on rumen ecology and production performance in meat and milk should be conducted using in vivo both digestion and feeding trials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1568-1574
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• 2012

Three Holstein steers in the growing phase, each with a ruminal cannula, were used to test the hypothesis that the synchronization of the hourly rate of carbohydrate and nitrogen (N) released in the rumen would increase the amount of retained nitrogen for growth and thus improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). In Experiment 1, in situ degradability coefficients of carbohydrate and N in feeds including Korean rice wine residue (RWR) were determined. In Experiment 2, three total mixed ration (TMR) diets having different rates of carbohydrate and N release in the rumen were formulated using the in situ degradability of the feeds. All diets were made to contain similar contents of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but varied in their hourly pattern of nutrient release. The synchrony index of the three TMRs was 0.51 (LS), 0.77 (MS) and 0.95 (HS), respectively. The diets were fed at a restricted level (2% of the animal's body weight) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Synchronizing the hourly supply of energy and N in the rumen did not significantly alter the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, NDF or acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p>0.05). The ruminal $NH_3$-N content of the LS group at three hours after feeding was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of the other groups; however, the mean values of ruminal $NH_3$-N, pH and VFA concentration among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In addition, the purine derivative (PD) excretion in urine and microbial-N production (MN) among the three groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, synchronizing dietary energy and N supply to the rumen did not have a major effect on nutrient digestion or microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in Holstein steers.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.171-191
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• 2018

Purpose Corporate technology leakage is not only monetary loss, but also has a negative impact on the corporate image and further deteriorates sustainable growth. In particular, since SMEs are highly dependent on core technologies compared to large corporations, loss of technology leakage threatens corporate survival. Therefore, it is important for SMEs to "prevent and protect technology leakage". With the recent development of data analysis technology and the opening of public data, it has become possible to discover and proactively detect companies with a high probability of technology leakage based on actual company data. In this study, we try to construct profiles of enterprises with and without technology leakage experience through profiling analysis using data mining techniques. Furthermore, based on this, we propose a classification model that distinguishes companies that are likely to leak technology. Design/methodology/approach This study tries to develop the empirical model for prevention and protection of technology leakage through profiling method which analyzes each SME from the viewpoint of individual. Based on the previous research, we tried to classify many characteristics of SMEs into six categories and to identify the factors influencing the technology leakage of SMEs from the enterprise point of view. Specifically, we divided the 29 SME characteristics into the following six categories: 'firm characteristics', 'organizational characteristics', 'technical characteristics', 'relational characteristics', 'financial characteristics', and 'enterprise core competencies'. Each characteristic was extracted from the questionnaire data of 'Survey of Small and Medium Enterprises Technology' carried out annually by the Government of the Republic of Korea. Since the number of SMEs with experience of technology leakage in questionnaire data was significantly smaller than the other, we made a 1: 1 correspondence with each sample through mixed sampling. We conducted profiling of companies with and without technology leakage experience using decision-tree technique for research data, and derived meaningful variables that can distinguish the two. Then, empirical model for prevention and protection of technology leakage was developed through discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis. Findings Profiling analysis shows that technology novelty, enterprise technology group, number of intellectual property registrations, product life cycle, technology development infrastructure level(absence of dedicated organization), enterprise core competency(design) and enterprise core competency(process design) help us find SME's technology leakage. We developed the two empirical model for prevention and protection of technology leakage in SMEs using discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis, and each hit ratio is 65%(discriminant analysis) and 67%(logistic regression analysis).