• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.446-453
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• 2018

The study examines corporate research & development (R&D) expenditure in modern finance. Firms may face one of the essential issues to maintain their optimal levels of R&D expenditures in order to increase corporate profit. Accordingly, financial determinants that may influence R&D spending are statistically tested for firms listed on the KOSPI stock market during the period from 2010 to 2015. Financial determinants which may discriminate between firms in high-growth and low-growth industries are examined on a relative basis. Explanatory variables including one-period lagged R&D expenses (Lag_RD), cross-product term between the Lag_RD and type of industry (as a dummy variable), and advertising expenses (ADVERTISE) significantly influenced corporate R&D intensity. Moreover, high-growth firms in domestic capital markets showed higher Lag_RD, profitability (PROF) and foreign equity ownership (FOS) than their counterparts in low-growth sectors, whereas low-growth firms had higher market-value based leverage (MLEVER) and ADVERTISE. Overall, these results are expected to influence decision-making of firms concerning the optimal level of R&D expenditure, which may in turn enhance shareholder wealth.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 1991

This study was carried out under the appropriate conditions of moisture content(60~70%), C/N ratio(25~30), and C/P ratio(30~35) on the mixed materials of cow dung and rice hulls. The good mixing ratio of cow dung and rice hulls was woth to one on volume basis which was able to adjust to the moisture content and C/N ratio of the mixing material. During fermentation pile period, the mixing ratio of control, non-aerated pile with turning was two to one and that of aerated pile with blower was two ti one. In fermentation pile period, average temperature of aerated pile was $55{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ and it was more higher than control of $40{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ non-aerated pile. While total nitrogen content of aerated pile was lower than that of the control, total carbon content and C/N ratio were higher. In cure pile period, the temperature and C/N ratio of aerated pile were increased at the early stage and then they were decreased, but total nitrogen and total carbon contents of aerated pile were increased in process of days. Final product in aerated pile had more fine particles and was good for the growth of cucumber seedlings than control.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-69
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• 1995

The managerial environment of hospitals in Korea characterized by low levels of medical insurance fees is worsening by increasing government regulations as to the utilization of medical services, rising costs of labor, material, and medical equipments, growing patient expectations concerning the quality of services, and escalating competitions among large hospitals in the market. Hospitals should seek for their survival strategies in this harsh environment and they should have information about costs of their products in doing so. However, it has not been available due to the complexity of the production process of hospital services. The objectives of this study were to develop a service-based cost accounting model and to apply the developed model to a study hospital to obtain cost information of hospital services. A model commonly used for the job-order product cost accounting in the manufacturing industry was modified for the use in hospitals in Korea. Actual costs, instead of standard costs, incurred to produce a unit of services during a given period of time were estimated in the model. Data required to implement the model included financial information, statistics for the allocation of supportive cost center costs to final cost centers, statistics for the allocation of final cost center costs to services, and the volume of each services charged to patients during a study period. The model was executed using data of a university teaching hospital located in Seoul for the fiscal year 1992. Data for financial information, allocation statistics fo supportive service costs, and the volume of services, most of them in electronic form, were available to the study. Data for allocation statistics of final cost center costs were collected in the study. There were 15 types of evaluation and management service, 2, 923 types of technical service, and 2, 608 types of drug and material service charged to patients in the study hospital during the fiscal year 1992. Labor costs of each of seven types of pesonnel, material costs of 611 types of drugs and materials, and depreciation costs of 212 types of medical equipments, miscellaneous costs, and indirect costs incurred in producing a unit of each services were estimated. Medical insurance fees for basic services such as evaluation and management of inpatients and outpatients, injection, and filling prescriptions, and for operating procedures were found to be set lower than costs. Infrequent services which use expensive medical equipments showed negative revenuse as well. On the other hand, fees for services not covered by the insurance such as CT, MRI and Sonogram, and for laboratory tests were higher than costs. This study has a significance in making it possible for a hospital to obtain cost information for all types of services which produced income based on all types of expenses incurred during a given period of time. This information can assist the management of a hospital in finding an effective cost reduction strategy, an efficient service-mix strategy under a given fee structure, and an optimum strategy for within-hospital resource allocations.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.114-118
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• 2001

In manufacturing process of Changran-Jeotgal, agitation with 10 rpm for 10 min/4 hrs of Changran-Jeotgal without released extract was carried out during the fermented process at $0\pm2^{\circ}C$ to shorten the fermentation period and uniform product quality, This step was called Improved process, while the step with release extract and standing fermentation was Conventional process. During 60 days of fermentation period, chemical, microbiological changes and sensory evaluation were examined, Brix, VBN and $NH_2-N$ were 27.4, $54.3\;mg\%\;and\;87.9 mg\%$ on 30th day in Improved process, respectively, but they were 27.1, $57.8\;mg\%\;and\;96.6\;mg\%$ on 50th day in Conventional process. The pH value was decreased from 7.0 to $\6.3\~6.5$ in both of them, The viable cell counts in Improved process was increased from $6.6\times10^3CFU/g\;to\;2.6\times10^6CFU/g$ during 30 days, in Conventional process, slowly increased from $5.8\times10^3CFU/g\;to\;1.9\times10^6CFU/g$ during 50 days. Sensory evaluation showed that products on 30th day in Improved process and products on 50th day in Conventional process were best favorable. From above results, we found that the fermentation with agitation shortened the fermentation period by 20 days compare to standing fermentation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2002

Different amounts of the Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten fruit were soaked in different alcohol concentrations of a Korean rice wine distillate for 4 months. Changes in pH, brix degree, contents of reducing sugar and polyphenol compound, alcohol concentration, turbidity, and color were analyzed during the soaking period. Quality of the final product was determined through the analysis of the volatile flavor compounds and sensory evaluation. During the soaking periods, pH, alcohol concentration, and contents of polyphenol compound decreased, whereas the content of reducing sugar increased. These changes were affected more by the content of the fruit than the alcohol concentration of the soaking media. Turbidity of the wine increased with higher fruit contents, while the increase of alcohol concentration resulted in the turbidity decrease. As the soaking period increased, lightness and yellowness increased but redness decreased. Acetaldehyde, acetyl acetone, ethyl alcohol, guaiacol, thymol, and acetic acid phenyl ester were detected in all liquors. Significant differences in all sensory attributes test were shown by six experimental groups (p<0.05), and the best overall acceptability was obtained from the liquor made of 67% fruits and 30% alcohol concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.139-151
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to develop the student activity-centered science textbook model in high school and explore the field application possibility. For development of student activity-centered science textbook model, we conducted a literature survey about foreign science textbook and science curriculum and we developed the textbook development framework based on 7E learning model. Based on framework, we developed student activity-centered science textbook model about achievement standards 'systems and interaction - earth systems'. A development model is the total amount of five class periods and the various objectives were reflected in pursuit systems thinking & STEAM. 1~4 class periods, learning content composed of student activity-centered exploration activities that organically associated to make final products. Fifth class period was presented to explore job and career. A development model was applied to high school class for one time study. Applying the result of field study, students were responded positively in interested about science class, textbook contents, made final product. Through this study, if science textbook was made on the basis of the revised student activity-centered science textbook model, students were lead to positive change in science class.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

Market forecasting aims to estimate the sales volume of a product or service that is sold to consumers for a specific selling period. From the perspective of the enterprise, accurate market forecasting assists in determining the timing of new product introduction, product design, and establishing production plans and marketing strategies that enable a more efficient decision-making process. Moreover, accurate market forecasting enables governments to efficiently establish a national budget organization. This study aims to generate a market growth curve for ICT (information and communication technology) goods using past time series data; categorize products showing similar growth patterns; understand markets in the industry; and forecast the future outlook of such products. This study suggests the useful and meaningful process (or methodology) to identify the market growth pattern with quantitative growth model and data mining algorithm. The study employs the following methodology. At the first stage, past time series data are collected based on the target products or services of categorized industry. The data, such as the volume of sales and domestic consumption for a specific product or service, are collected from the relevant government ministry, the National Statistical Office, and other relevant government organizations. For collected data that may not be analyzed due to the lack of past data and the alteration of code names, data pre-processing work should be performed. At the second stage of this process, an optimal model for market forecasting should be selected. This model can be varied on the basis of the characteristics of each categorized industry. As this study is focused on the ICT industry, which has more frequent new technology appearances resulting in changes of the market structure, Logistic model, Gompertz model, and Bass model are selected. A hybrid model that combines different models can also be considered. The hybrid model considered for use in this study analyzes the size of the market potential through the Logistic and Gompertz models, and then the figures are used for the Bass model. The third stage of this process is to evaluate which model most accurately explains the data. In order to do this, the parameter should be estimated on the basis of the collected past time series data to generate the models' predictive value and calculate the root-mean squared error (RMSE). The model that shows the lowest average RMSE value for every product type is considered as the best model. At the fourth stage of this process, based on the estimated parameter value generated by the best model, a market growth pattern map is constructed with self-organizing map algorithm. A self-organizing map is learning with market pattern parameters for all products or services as input data, and the products or services are organized into an $N{\times}N$ map. The number of clusters increase from 2 to M, depending on the characteristics of the nodes on the map. The clusters are divided into zones, and the clusters with the ability to provide the most meaningful explanation are selected. Based on the final selection of clusters, the boundaries between the nodes are selected and, ultimately, the market growth pattern map is completed. The last step is to determine the final characteristics of the clusters as well as the market growth curve. The average of the market growth pattern parameters in the clusters is taken to be a representative figure. Using this figure, a growth curve is drawn for each cluster, and their characteristics are analyzed. Also, taking into consideration the product types in each cluster, their characteristics can be qualitatively generated. We expect that the process and system that this paper suggests can be used as a tool for forecasting demand in the ICT and other industries.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 1974

Fourteen varieties of Korean chestnut were subjected to the test of adaptability for processing and the possibilities of colored products development. The fruit size of Korean chestnut ranged $11{\sim}18g$ and these small fruits could not be expected to be utilized for the processing of Marron glaces which requires larger size as $25{\sim}30g$. As the storge period is extended the discoloration tendency of chestnut flesh was increasingly developed, however, the fresh chestnut has shown layer-separating phenomenon and ragged surface of fruit which delivers disagreeable appearance to the finished product. The principal factors of discoloration occurred during processing were the behavior of tannin and darkening rate shown on flesh differed each other among varieties; the Chukpa and Yuma variety have exhibited the most serious discoloration and the Taab-b variety, the lightest. Taab-b variety in this connection could be expected to be available for Kanroni processing. For the industrialization of chestnut processing the flame-scorched peeling method is advisable. The capacity of this method is proportional to the square of scorching radius and highly flexible in controlling its performance. As for the processing of colored product, the sugar dehydration and coating and the sugar penetration method demand further study in basical views; however, the canned product of chestnut-redbean has shown the possibility of being utilized as a substitute for or paralleled use with the sugar-syruped canned product which so far has been considered as the only item of export to Japan.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.909-918
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• 2010

To analyze the national competitiveness of Korea leads to the conclusion that global high-tech enterprises have been playing leading and pulling roles in making Korea in line with advanced countries even though the country is lacking in various natural resources. The characteristics of these companies above are as follows; Firstly, these enterprises continue to accumulate core technologies and know-how with highly competent human resources and well-organized management. Secondly, they are well structured and equipped with information technology infrastructures which are, for example, ERP, SCM, CRM, and PLM. Among them PLM is considered to be the principal core information technology infra in manufacturing industry. The urgent task of manufacturing industry recently is to develop new products to accept various needs of consumers, and to launch the products in time to market, which requires the manufactures to be equipped with product development infra and system to upgrade product fulfillment and mass production system in a short period. The introduction of PLM System is a solution of core strategy as a manufacturer for collaboration, global development, reengineering of manufacturing system, the innovation and efficiency of manufacturing process, and product quality improvement. The purpose of this study is to analyze the success factors of introducing PLM System and its practicing effectiveness. And the results of empirical study are as follows; (1) Technical success factors positively impact system quality and user satisfaction, (2) Organizational success factors positively impact system quality, but does not impact user satisfaction, (3) Environmental success factors positively impact system quality and user satisfaction, (4) System quality positively impacts user satisfaction, (5) User satisfaction positively impacts the effectiveness of implementing PLM systems, but system quality does not impact it.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.7
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• pp.15-19
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• 1966

In order to investigate the stability of the major component of malathion E.C. product, dimethyl S-(1, 2-dicarboxyethoxyethyl) dithiophosphate, toward the quality of glasswares as container, the amount of extractable inorganic components, change of pH and decomposition of the major component of the product were examined during the storage in brown-colored bottles of 100 ml. volume from 3 different companies in comparison with that in a Pyrex flask. 1. Malathion E.C. product was put in three containers A,B and C, and any changes occurring in storage were analyzed at three intervals of 60, 120 and 240 days. 2. It was shown that the amounts of Si, Mg, K, Ca, and Na extracted during these periods of storage differed markedly depending on the qualify of container. Container A revealed ten times higher extraction of Na and Ca than container B and C in a 8-month period. 3. Three commercial containers revealed the shift of pH from 6.5 to alkaline reaction in the storage whereas the Pyrex flask did not show any detectable change. In particular, the pH in container A changed to 9.2 in 60 days and 9.9 in 240 days. 4. The decomposition of malathion was the greatest in container A which showed the decomposition of 7.37% in 240 days. On the other hand, 0.5% was decomposed in the Pyrex flask. 5. The decemposition of malathion had a high correlation with the change of pH of water· in the same container, $r^2$ being 0.899. From the above results, it is concluded that about 10% of malathion E.C. product is decomposed in a year due to the alkaline metallic salts extracted from the container when it is stored in glassware bottles of lower quality.