• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.256-259
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• 2003

The pet ether extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, leaves was studied for its antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic property. The extract at doses of 50 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of writhing induced by acetic acid and inhibited the late phase (20-30 min) in formalin test in mice. The extract failed to increase the pain threshold level in tail immersion test in mice. In carrageenan induced paw edema in rats and in acetic acid induced increase in vascular permeability test in mice, the extract (50-600 mg/kg, p.o.) failed to produce any significant activity. While in cotton pellet granuloma test, the extract at doses of 200 and 600 mg/kg (p.o.) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the granuloma formation and was comparable to reference drug, dexamethasone. In ethylpheylpropiolate ear edema test 0.5 mg and 1 mg/ear application of extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited ear edema. In yeast induced hyperthermia in rats, the extract did not produce any reduction in temperature. The results suggest that the extract acts peripherally to produce analgesic action and anti-inflammatory activity through steroidal mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.227-232
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• 2004

Hydrological and biological studies on ecosystems of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaime', the four rivers flowing into these lakes, and the Mediterranean Sea are carried out during the whole two-year period. The phytoplankton population of the lakes 'etang de Berre' and 'etang de Vaine' is larger than that of the seawater or freshwater populations of four neighbouring rivers. This is due to the increasing nutriments such as phosphate, nitrate, and silicate flowing into the lakes from the four rivers. The superfluous phytoplanktons in the lakes flow into the Mediterranean Sea via the Caronte Canal. Phytoplanktons multiplicated by phosphate of lake 'etang de Berre' can produce 10,160 tons of assimilated carbon per year, and those multiplicated by nitrate produce 18,450 tons of assimilated carbon per year. According to Steeman Nielsen's primary production estimation, phytoplanktons produce about 45,000 tons of carbon per year through assimilation in lake'4tang de Berre' and 10,000 tons of carbon per year in lake 'etang de Vaime'. The amount of carbon produced by phytoplanktons and the amount of phosphate, and nitrate are different according to the sea, river, and estuary.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

This study examined how early bilingual children produce sounds in their two languages articulated with the same manner of articulation but at different places of articulation. English affricates are palato-alveolar and Korean affricates are alveolar. This study analyzed the frequencies of center of gravity (COG), spectral peak (SP), and the second formant (F2) of word-initial affricates in English and Korean produced by twenty-four early Korean-English bilingual children (aged 4 to 7), and compared them with those of monolingual counterparts in the two languages. If early Korean-English bilingual children produce palato-alveolar affricates in English and alveolar affricates in Korean, they may produce Korean affricates with higher COGs, SPs, and F2s than English affricates. The early Korean-English bilingual children at the age of 4 produced English and Korean affricates with similar COGs, SPs, and F2s, and the COGs, SPs, and F2s of their Korean affricates were similar to those of the Korean monolingual counterparts. However, the early bilingual children at the age of 5 to 7 had lower COGs and SPs for English affricates with higher F2s compared to Korean affricates, and the COGs, SPs, and F2s of their English affricates were similar to those of the English monolingual counterparts.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.12
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• pp.53-58
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• 2011

This study investigated ingredient of the pigment of wall painting piece of women parade of Gaemachong Goguryo that the National Museum of Korea kept. XRF, a non-destructive analyzer, was used to investigate ingredient of the pigment. At the analysis, not only cinnabar/ vermillion(HgS) but also hematiae(Fe₂O₃) was used to produce red, and carbon was done to produce black, and lead white was done to produce white. The face was painted by mixture of not only cinnabar/ vermillion but also hematiae: No coloring was done depending upon situation.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.533-541
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• 2020

UO₂ kernels, a key component of fuel elements for high temperature gas cooled reactors, have usually been prepared by sol-gel methods. Sol-gel processes have a number of advantages, such as simple processes and facilities, and higher sphericity and density. In this study, to produce 900 ㎛-sized UO₂ particles using an external gelation process, contact length extension of the NH₃ gas of the broth droplets pass and the improvement of the gelation device capable of spraying 14 M-NH₄OH solution are used to form 3,000 ㎛-sized liquid droplets. To produce high-sphericity and high-density UO₂ particles, HMTA, which promotes the gelation reaction in the uranium broth solution, is added to diffuse ammonium ions from the outside of the gelation solution during the aging process and generate ammonium ions from the inside of the ADU gel particles. Sufficient gelation inside of ADU gel particles is achieved, and the density of the UO₂ spheres that undergo the subsequent treatment is 10.78 g/㎤; the sphericity is analyzed and found to be 0.948, indicating good experimental results.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1991

To produce economically important indole alkaloids by cell cultures, we selected protoplastsderived clones (protoclones) of vinca (Catharanthus roseus) for high yields of catharanthine and ajmalicine. Protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from suspension-cultured cells. The highest plating efficiency (1%) was obtained when protoplasts were plated at a density of 1$\times$105 protoplasts/ml in a culture medium solidified with 0.4% Seaplaque agarose. The growth rates of 40 protoclones subcultured on a solid medium varied over a wide range. Protoclone VPC-6, which had the highest growth rate, was observed to produce relatively high yields of catharanthine and ajmalicine when cultured in a liquid medium. Although the original cell line did not produce catharanthine at a detectable level by HPLC, protoclone VPC-10 produced it at a level of 5.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/g fresh weight of cells for 10 days of culture. Under the same conditions, protoclone VPC-15 produced ajmalicine at a level of 133.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, of which productivity was improved about ,3 times than that of the original cell line. The results indicate that differences in the growth rate and indole alkaloid yield among the protoclones reflect the somaclonal variation in suspnsion-cultured cells.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2012

The aim of this paper is to examine the phonetic realizations of English unstressed vowels produced by advanced Korean learners (KLs) of English compared with English native speakers (NSs) focusing on the comparative study of English words and English loanwords. The result shows that KLs are usually not native-like in producing the English unstressed vowel /ə/ and loanword orthography affects the way the KLs produce /?/. The vowel quality of the unstressed vowels produced by the KLs is different from that of the NSs. In duration and pitch, KLs show significantly less difference between the stressed and unstressed vowels than do the NSs. The KLs usually have a high pitch in the stressed and the last syllable while the NSs usually produce peak F0 in the stressed syllable. When the KLs have a similar vowel quality with that of the NSs, they produce a shorter duration of the unstressed vowels. However, there is no correlation between the realization of the pitch and the vowel quality in KLs speech.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 2016

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of canker in kiwifruit, can be divided into three biovars (biovars 1, 2, and 3). Strains belonging to biovar 1 produce phaseolotoxin and were isolated in Japan and Italy before 2008. Strains of biovar 2 produce coronatine instead of phaseolotoxin and have been isolated only in Korea. Strains belonging to biovar 3 produce neither phaseolotoxin nor coronatine and are responsible for the global outbreak of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in recent years. The biovar 3-specific primer set was developed in a previous work. In this study, two sets of PCR primers specific to strains of biovars 1 and 2, respectively, were developed based on random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses. Primers PsaJ-F and PsaJ-R produced a 481-bp region with genomic DNA of biovar 1 strains, whereas primers PsaK-F and PsaK-R amplified a 413-bp region present only in the genome of biovar 2 strains.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.135-151
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• 2004

U.S. organic farming has grown rapidly-20 percent or more annually-throughout the 1990s, which kept pace with consumer demand for organically produced food. Thus certified organic acreage is the total to 235 million acres in 48 state in 2001, and SO the U.S. ranked fourth in land area managed under organic farming systems. And according to several surveys, consumer's reasons for purchasing organic food are health and nutrition, taste and environmental concerns. California and North Dakota were the top two states in 2001 for certified organic cropland; the former with mostly fruits and vegetables, and the latter with wheat, soybeans, and other crops. And the top two states for certified organic pasture were Colorado and Texas. And then several states such as Iowa and Minnesota have begun subsidizing conversion to organic farming systems as a way to capture the environmental benefits of these systems. The price of organic produce fluctuates rather broadly because of being traded by market economy principle and of demand-supply disequilibrium. Nevertheless, average price premiums for organic produce are higher than the prices for the produce under conventional farming. Future prospects for U.S. organic farming are as follows; Demand for organically grown foods is expected to continue growing at a rapid pace, as more growers convert to organic production and more processors and distributors expand organic selections in their product lines. And new processed products and new types of healthy foods are likely to appear on the market, and some new organic products will be aimed at mainstream markets.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.21-34
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the main characteristics of strategies and fashion styles in fast fashion. Ultimately, this study is aimed to give useful information to develop fast fashion companies in Korean apparel industry. There are several strategies commonly applied in most fast fashion companies. First, they produce a wide range of numerous items. Second, the price is very reasonable. The primary objective of fast fashion is to quickly produce products in a cost efficient manner. Third, fast fashion companies take charge in the whole process from designing and manufacturing to distribution and sales. Forth, while almost all apparel companies invest a large amount in advertisement to promote sales, most fast fashion companies invest in VMD instead. Also, the fashion style of fast fashion were examined. First, casual style dominated a big part in composition of the entire style. Second, they use various kinds of different fabrics. For example, natural fabrics including organic and recycled fabrics, denims, newly invented high-tech fabrics, and decorative fabrics are widely used. Third, fast fashion brands produce fashion product based on the most recent fashion trends. Forth, they pursue high quality design. Retailers' understanding of the target market's wants realizes the consumer to thrive on constant change and the frequent availability of new products. Accordingly, fast fashion is presently taking an important role in fashion although it has a short history compared to the general apparel industry.