• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.12C no.4 s.100
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• pp.571-580
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• 2005

In fast long-distance networks, TCP's congestion control algorithm has the problem of utilizing bandwidth effectively. Several window-based congestion control protocols for high-speed and large delay networks have been proposed to solve this problem. These protocols deliberate mainly three properties : scalability, TCP-friendliness, and RTT-fairness. These protocols, however, cannot satisfy above three properties at the same time because of the trade-off among them This paper presents a new window-based congestion control algorithm, called EM (Exponential Increase/ Multiplicative Decrease), that simultaneously supports all four properties including fast convergence, which is another important constraint for fast long-distance networks; it can support scalability by increasing congestion window exponentially proportional to the time elapsed since a packet loss; it can support RTT-fairness and TCP-friendliness by considering RTT in its response function; it can support last fair-share convergence by increasing congestion window inversely proportional to the congestion window just before packet loss. We evaluate the performance of EIMD and other algorithms by extensive computer simulations.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.103-111
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• 2015

Purpose - When it comes to first impressions of family restaurants, people basically think of the following factors: cozy, a refreshing space, indoor lighting, atmospheric music, the best-quality service through mutual interactions with employees, birthday events, follow-up customer management, brand image, and many others. Focusing on such family restaurants characteristics, with consumption experience and customer satisfaction determined as mediator variables, this study looks into the selection factors that affect customer loyalty when choosing a family restaurant. Subsequently, the study conducts an empirical analysis of these selection factors with the greatest influence. Research design, data, and methodology - This study analyzed 200 total surveys of family restaurant customers including college students, workers, housewives, and others. The survey was conducted over two weeks in May 2014. For statistical processing, SPSS 21 was used for factor analysis and reliability analysis as well as AMOS for structural equation analysis. In terms of a variable that would influence either consumption experience or customer satisfaction at the restaurants, the study introduced the concept of customer equity. The study designed a model based on a hypothesis developed using the following factors: customer encounter service value, customer convenience value, brand equity, relationship equity, and other factors defined as components of customer equity by Rust et al. (2000) determined as independent variables as well as with customer experience and customer satisfaction set as mediator variables. The hypothesis, after all, assumed that customer loyalty would be positively (+) influenced. Results - The analysis results from the study reported that brand value, customer encounter service value, and relationship value have positive (+) effects on consumption experience and customer satisfaction. However, as for customer convenience value, this turned out not to have a statistically significant influence on consumption experience and customer satisfaction. In regard to a relation between consumption experience and customer satisfaction, the results showed that the former affects the latter, and in terms of intervening variables, both of these appeared to have a positive (+) effect on customer loyalty. Conclusions - This study suggests that family restaurants should look for strategies that focus on how to promote customer relationships. For example, restaurants could try birthday events or discount events to achieve this goal. Since the study ended up realizing relatively low levels of suitability and statistical significance, the path of the study changed. After all, in order to increase suitability and statistical significance, the study had to eliminate factors such as service quality and others and for this reason the study was unable to conduct the analysis as initially planned. In addition, the data samples of the research were mainly gathered from students, which made it hard to say that the analysis was carried out on samples from every different group. Future research should analyze the characteristics of each group of customers for factors affecting customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in the family restaurant chain.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.105-134
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• 2002

In the Spring of 2000, the Banking Commission of the ICC decided to appoint a working group to draft a supplement to the UCP 500 to clarify the position regarding electronic presentation under a documentary credit. Provisions was drafted to supplement its existing rules for documentary credit, that is, UCP 500. These new provisions known as Supplement to UCP 500 for Electronic Presentation was approved by the ICC Banking Commission at the beginning of November 2001 and came in force as of 1 April 2002 The eUCP covers matters such as definitions of key terms such as electronic record, electronic signature, format, paper document, received. An eUCP Credit must specify the formats in which electronic records are to be presented and if not, electronic records may be presented in any format. Electronic records may be presented separately and need not be presented at the same time. The purpose of this paper is to understand the main substance of eUCP and to facilitate the introduction of electronic letter of credit by studying the problems and revision of eUCP and new electronic UCP. The main substances of eUCP are electronic address as place for presentation of electronic records, flexibility of the formats of electronic records to be presented, endowment of the notice of completeness of presentation to the beneficiary, one electronic record satisfying one or more originals or copies of an electronic record, the electronic records to be examined including the electronic record at the hyperlink to an external system or the referenced system, no remark as to the time period for the examination of documents. The Roles of eUCP are the Promotion of the Electronic Trade, the Supply of Basis on the Uniform Rules for Electronic Letter of Credit, the introduction of Electronic Trade Model. The characteristics of eUCP are a supplement to the UCP, no address of any issues relating to the issuance or advice of Credit electronically, independence of specific technologies and developing electronic commerce system, that is, Bolero Service. The Problems of eUCP are flexibility of format of electronic record, heavy burden on the side of banks, and the problems regrading the number of presentation, the notice of completeness of presentation, no provision in regard to the time to examine the electronic records, and representation of the electronic records. In the revision of eUCP to resolve the problems, the things to be taken into consideration are as follows; the designation of the format allowing the banks to examine electronically, prohibition of the paper documents, the development of the system receiving the electronic records, the addition of the reception notice on the side of the banks, the setting of the time to examine the electronic records, the construction of the backup system or the dual processing system.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.15D no.6
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• pp.741-754
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• 2008

Due to the characteristics of a data stream, it is very important to confine the memory usage of a data mining process regardless of the amount of information generated in the data stream. For this purpose, this paper proposes the Prime pattern tree(PPT) for finding frequent itemsets over data streams with using the confined memory space. Unlike a prefix tree, a node of a PPT can maintain the information necessary to estimate the current supports of several itemsets together. The length of items in a prime pattern can be reduced the total number of nodes and controlled by split_delta $S_{\delta}$. The size and the accuracy of the PPT is determined by $S_{\delta}$. The accuracy is better as the value of $S_{\delta}$ is smaller since the value of $S_{\delta}$ is large, many itemsets are estimated their frequencies. So it is important to consider trade-off between the size of a PPT and the accuracy of the mining result. Based on this characteristic, the size and the accuracy of the PPT can be flexibly controlled by merging or splitting nodes in a mining process. For finding all frequent itemsets over the data stream, this paper proposes a PPT to replace the role of a prefix tree in the estDec method which was proposed as a previous work. It is efficient to optimize the memory usage for finding frequent itemsets over a data stream in confined memory space. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is analyzed by a series of experiments to identify its various characteristics.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.5
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• pp.767-790
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• 2009

Setting up a priorityfor an embedded system is greatly significant because a release plan at the early stage of product developments can properly be established through right decision making procedures based on the priorities. For instance, both dependencies among requirements and the aspects of product developers should be considered into the priorities to improve the embedded system. Especially, trade-offs among the requirements, which are quite different depending on H/W and S/W architecture styles they use, should be acknowledged without exception. However, the selection process on the priority has hitherto been fairly systematic in the existing environment where hardware and software are not being considered at once. Therefore, this paper suggests an dependency and aspect-based model and process for the requirements of the priority. For this, the paper analyzes the trade-offs between the requirements depending on the disparate Architecture styles of H/W and S/W, and it also reflects the viewpoints of the developers. For thelast thing, the model and process suggested will be applied to the case of the development of both cell phones and cameras to gain authenticity and reliability. In conclusion, the danger occurring when the release plan is constructed can be minimized by screening the priorities that optimizes the embedded system more explicitly.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.164-179
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• 1991

Korean agriculture has encountered two problems. One is internal income disparity between rural and urbarn area and the other is external Uruguay Round trade problems as an abolition of direct and indirect import barriers, reduction in export subsidies and to reduce internal price supports. These problems will be brought severe farm problems such as decreasing farm household income and repressing agricultural growth in the near future. Considering the above inevitable facts Korean government has implemented several development projects such as rural industrial area development project, rural special production area development project, leisuresight seeing farm development project, traditional food development project, unskilled labor training project for off-farm employment and so on, to increase farm household income through off-farm income increase. This study was mainly concentrated on the identification of operational problems and post evaluation of the rural special production area development projects which aimed at increasing non-farm incomes and giving employment opportunity for rural farmers in small factories processing regional special farm products and mine products. The main findings and problems to be solved for the successful project implementation are as followed ; 1. Total number of the special production area development projects as of the end of 1991 was amount to 138, and total number of farm household participated were estimated at 2,079, and total amount of off-farm income per farm household was reached to 3,011 thousand won. 2. The total number of processed special products have increased from 21 items in 1981 to 56 items in 1991. On the other hand the total number of farm household participated in the projects have decreased from 2,518 to 2,079 during same period. 3. Total amount of investment for the projects has increased from 1,429 million won in 1981 to 24,760 million won in 1991 but the rate of G'T loan of the total investment has reduced from 24.5% to 5.2% during same period. 4. 138 special production area development project are classified into 6 kinds of commodity groups such as 19 of general industrial good production areas, 52 of folks-industrial art objects production areas, 39 of food processing areas, 9 of fiber and texstile processing areas, 18 of agricultural and fishery inputs processing areas and 1 of stone processing area. 5. The total production value in 1990 was estimated 20,169 million won of which export was amount to 2,627 million won. 6. The finacial rate of return of the UNGOK KUGIJA Tea processing Project operated by UNGOK coops and BAKSAN ginseng tea processing project were estimated at 45.4% (B/C Ratio=1.17, NPV=152.5 million won) and 17.7% (B/C Ratio=1.12, NPV=120.2 million won) respectively. 7. More favorite terms and condition of the loan including collateral problems have to be given to farmers participated. Heavy investment and G'T subsidy policies should be started for the successful project implementation anf farm household income increase. 8. To expand market demand of the rural special goods G'T have to provide special program of TV or other mass media for commodity propaganda and the total cost concerned must be supported by G'T subsidy. 9. The special farm products as GUGUJA,MOSI'Ramie', Ginseng. SOGOKJU,HEMP,Mushroom.DUGYUNJU and Chesnut processing projects have to be propelled and expanded for off-farm income increase in Chung Nam Province. 10. Direct operational pattern of the special production area by coops is more favorable to farmers and recommendable considering with off-farm income increase and market demand creation throughout Korea. 11. In rural area, special organizations for project appraisal are not exist. Accordingly special training program, project appraisal, formulation and preparation for civil servants concerned have to be prepared for project selection and sound implementation under limited budget and financial support.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.9-27
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• 1996

The nutritional status is strictly related with flood production, flood processing, and distribution along with habits, education and technological achievement, adapted and adjusted to socio-economic conditions. All these factors are independently affecting the nutritional status of populations. In addition to the above mentioned factors launch of it is useful to consider two points ; unification of the South and the North Korea and WTO. The present study gives and overview of basic knowledge about nutritional status of Korean by using availab1e data in relation to nutrition. The basic characteristics of Korean diet with proportions high in carbohydrate and low in fat, have been relatively constant for the past two decades. The average daily flood intake in terms of weight of flood per person is relatively constant throughout the years. Although the proportion of animal food intake tends to increase recently, the Korean diet is still insufficient in meat, eggs, milk, and fish. Moreover because milk has not been accustomed flood with the general population and not much used in traditional flood preparation in Korea, milk consumption was especially low in comparison with western countries. The total energy intake was relatively constant throughout the years from 1969 to 1993. However, changes in the composition have occurred in the past two decades. The amount and proportions of fat have been s1ightly increasing while the total amount of carbohydrate has been decreasing. The nutrition preblems of Korea have changed over the past severa1 decades. The general adequacy of protein and energy existing after Korean War(1950) was resolved now. Since then the average diet appears to be nearly desirable in terms of rapid rates of growth during childhood and attainment of progressively stature and body weight at maturity. The dietary habits of some young people in these days seem to be taking a more western style diets. This trends if established by habit may lead to a marked change in the traditional diet and health. I think Korean nutritional experiences have potential values for tole other countries in Asia and in western countries. Korean diet illustrates a high level of nutritional status and health attainable will a largely vegetable diet : high in complex carbohydrates, and dietary fibre, and low in tat, and reasonable amount of total protein. This is significant for developing and developed countries that must select specific goals fir adequate nutrition for the people. Compared to the western countries, Koreas different incidence of coronary heart disease and malignancy demonstrates the significance of environment and probably the prominent role of diet in the development of these diseases. The changes occurring in the Korean diet of fir the unusual opportunity to assess the effect of diet upon chronic degenerative disease. In the future, the Korean diet might be continue to change significantly These changes are being influenced by socioeconomic factors that have been emerging and growing stronger since mid-l980 and that probably continue to be potent. The expanded purchasing power of the consumer results in increased discretionary purchases. In the case of foodstuffs, the consumer demands appear to be directed toward items of higher protein content, which, being primarily animal products, are inevitably accompanied by an increased consumption of fat. The continued availability of these more expensive flood items depends upon the balance of foreign trade favouring their importation and domestic production. A regression of foreign trade could result in a decreased supply for the consumer, whereas continued growth of trade iou]d provide freedom for increasing availability to the consumer. In this latter situation the exact choice of foodstuffs is depending upon comsumer tastes and the pressures that may influence it.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.13-24
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the management of receivables on the management performance of micro manufacturing industries. The results of the survey are as follows. First, among the factors of management of pre- and post-trade receivables in the micro manufacturing industries, management organization and regulations, contract execution management, bad debt control, which are the subordinate factors of credit control, are positive (+) significant effect on stability. In terms of profitability, management organizations and regulations, which are subordinate factors of credit control management, have a positive (+) significant effect on profitability. The recovery management, which is a factor of management of post - receivable receivables, did not have a significant effect on the stability and profitability of financial management performance. Second, the effect of financial performance on organizational satisfaction is positively related to stability, while profitability has no significant effect on organizational satisfaction. The implication of this study is that pre - trade receivables management is more important than post - trade receivables management in the management of accounts receivables of micro manufacturing industries. Proactive credit management refers to the procedure of establishing and managing personal guarantees and physical guarantees in order to smooth the execution of the obligations at the same time as the contract is concluded through processes such as credit investigation, analysis and evaluation, and sales decision before the contract is concluded. Post receivables management based on the assumption of default is a receivables management procedure from receipt of receivables that are already defaulted to bad debts to bad debt processing. If the collection of receivables is delayed or bad debt is increased, Furthermore, a corporation may be subject to bankruptcy risk (insolvency by paper profits). Therefore, it is meaningful that this study suggests direction to induce change of contract type in advance by understanding the possibility of settlement of accounts receivable and recovery of bad debts within the day of transition in case of contract of micro manufacturing industries.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.10C no.3
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• pp.367-376
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• 2003

This study deals with the DCMST (Delay constrained Capacitated Minimum Spanning Tree) problem applied in the topological design of local networks or finding several communication paths from root node. While the traditional CMST problem has only the traffic capacity constraint served by a port of root node, the DCMST problem has the additional mean delay constraint of network. The DCMST problem consists of finding a set of spanning trees to link end-nodes to the root node satisfying the traffic requirements at end-nodes and the required mean delay of network. The objective function of problem is to minimize the total link cost. This paper presents two-phased heuristic algorithm, which consists of node exchange, and node shift algorithm based on the trade-off criterions, and mean delay algorithm. Actual computational experience and performance analysis show that the proposed algorithm can produce better solution than the existing algorithm for the CMST problem to consider the mean delay constraint in terms of cost.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.135-143
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• 2015

A Multiplayer Online Game(MOG) is a game capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of players and is mostly played using the Internet. P2P(peer-to-peer) architectures for MOGs can potentially achieve high scalability, low cost, and good performance. The basic idea of many P2P-based games is to distribute the game state among peers and along with it processing, network, and storage tasks. In a primary-copy based replication scheme where any update to the object has to be first performed on the primary copy, this means distributing primary copies of objects among peers. Most multiplayer games use a primary-copy model in order to provide strong consistency control over an object. Games consist of various types of actions that have different levels of sensitivity and can be categorized according to their consistency requirements. With the appropriate consistency level of each action type within a game, this paper allows developers to choose the right trade-off between performance and consistency. The performance for P2P game architecture with the primary-copy model is evaluated through simulation experiments and analysis.