• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

This study was performed to provide basic that will predict the usefulness of Gastrodiae Rhizoma as food materials. The physicochemical properties of raw, freeze-dried, and hot air-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma were investigated and analyzed. The moisture content of raw Gaxtrodiae Rhizoma was 81.20%. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and carbohydrates of freeze-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma were 7.61%, 6.21%, 1.50%, 2.55%, and 89.74%, respectively. The total dietary fiber (TDF) of freeze-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma was 11.68%. The K (1265.03 mg%) was the highest mineral found in Gastrodiae Rhizoma. Aspartic acid (1272.10 mg%) and glutamic acid (1249.50 mg%) in Gastrodiae Rhizoma were major amino acids. Linoleic acid (53.79%), palmitic acid (20.17%), oleic acid (11.93%), and linolenic acid (4.78%) were principal fatty acids in crude fat of Gaxtrodiae Rhizoma. Most of the free sugars of freeze-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma was maltose (11.04%). In color, the freeze-dried showed the highest lightness (94.52) and the $60^{\circ}C$ hot air-dried showed the highest redness(0.76) and yellowness (16.41). The color differences among freeze-dried, $40^{\circ}C$ hot air-dried, and $60^{\circ}C$ hot air-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma were distinguished markedly. Vitamin C contents in raw, freeze-dried, and $60^{\circ}C$ hot air-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma were 0.015%, 0.010%, and 0.002%, respectively. The organoleptic characteristics of raw, freeze-dried, and hot air-dried Gastrodiae Rhizoma were evaluated and compared on the basis, 5 points of raw Gastrodiae Rhizoma by 9 points scale. The undesirable characteristics, such as fishy odor, sewage odor, bitter taste, bad and salty taste, decreased, while desirable characteristic such as sweet taste was maintained or increased considerably as drying temperature got higher.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1979

The fertility which is the combined factor is one of the important capability determiants of paddy soils. In this study, we aimed at attaining a quantitative evaluation of soil fertility and further establishing an objective fertility classification on the basis of the fertility evaluation. The samples used in this series studies were collected from Korean paddy field. They include deltas, flood plains, coastal plains, valley plains, fans and low terraces. On the basis of correlation analysis, factor analysis was applied to a set of 15 variables. As a result of factor analysis, five mutually independent and clearly definable fertility component factors were extracted from the 15 variables for the whole 90 surface soil samples. The fertility status of each sample soil could be objectively designated by the score of the five factors. As a means of summarizing the information obtained, taxonomic distances between all pairs of the samples were computed from these five factor scores further to be subjected to numerical taxonomy. Seven fertility groups were formulated, each of which was characterized by one or more of the fertility components. As this fertility classification was based on the present state of soil properties, it would be useful in pointing to the proper direction of further fertility amelioration and improvement for each group to enhance potential productivity of Korean paddy fields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.816-822
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• 2012

Volatile components of acorn crude starches and gel powder created from them were analyzed by Gas Chromatograph-Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry (GC-IMS). Crude starches were obtained from acorns harvested in South Korea (KAS), China (CAS), and North Korea (NAS). The principal component analysis (PCA) of each volatile component exhibited a significant contribution of PC 1 showing up to 60.5%. The acorn crude starch from KAS could be distinguished from crude starch from China by PC 1 (p<0.05). However, NAS and CAS could not be segregated statistically by the PC 1 component. PC 2, which exhibited 22.8% contribution, of KAS, also showed a meaningful difference (p<0.05) from those of CAS and NAS, making it possible to distinguish domestic acorn starch from imports.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1443-1451
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• 2008

This study was performed to develop menu satisfaction index in Business & Industry (B&I) food service and to survey customer's menu satisfaction using the index. The menu satisfaction index included 16 items with Likert 5 point. Cronbach's alpha to assess the internal reliability of the developed scales was 0.8917, which indicated highly reliable. Construct validity was assessed by principal components analysis and then four factors explaining 65.964% of the total variance were found. Among the 15 items of menu satisfaction, the average scores of all items were above 3.0 out of 5. As a result of analysis on menu satisfaction factors, 'propriety of food temperature' (3.52 out of 5) was the highest consideration followed by 'sufficiency of format' (3.46), 'excellence in food' (3.35) and 'well-being orientation' (3.31). It could be said that customer's perception on the menu quality was very positive. Four factors were correlated with overall menu satisfaction positively. Especially, 'excellence in food', and 'well-being orientation' and 'sufficiency of format' affected significantly on overall menu satisfaction. It concluded that customers were satisfied with portion size, temperature, price but their needs for taste and health/nutrition-related service would be increased. The menu satisfaction developed in this study should be applied to other B & I food service operation by type.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2020

This study investigated the change of benthic macroinvertebrates community due to erosion control dams installed in Wonju, Gangwon by comparing the data before and after a rainy season. It selected a closed-type erosion control dam (boulder stone), an open-type erosion control dam (buttress), and a control area and surveyed two upstream points and two downstream points four times between March and September 2019. The flow velocity mostly increased in the closed-type, open-type, and control areas but decreased in St. 3 after the rainy season. The number of benthic macroinvertebrates species and their populations mostly decreased after the rainy season, and the rate of decrease in the populations in the open-type and control areas were more similar than the closed-type area. Species and populations of the EPT groups mostly decreased after the rainy season. A result of the similarity analysis showed that the closed-type and open-type areas were separated by 38.4% with the control area before the rainy season, but the open-type and control areas were separated by 51.3% with the closed-type area after the rainy season. A result of the principal components analysis (PCA) based on axis 1 showed that the closed-type area had a positive value before and after the rainy season, and the open-type and control areas had a negative value before and after the rainy season. The open-type area was more correlated with the control area than the close type. The analysis of the EPT groups showed the distribution of Ephemeroptera in the closed-type area and Trichoptera in the open-type and control areas. The result of this study shows that the installation of erosion control dam can cause changes in benthic macroinvertebrates community and that the open-type area had a smaller difference community difference from the control area after the rainy season than the closed-type area.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.351-363
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• 2007

Previously, we analyzed for nutrition knowledge and the use of nutrition knowledge in the everyday lives of students in order to develop nutrition education programs that focus on desirable behavior change. From this, we found that female students desired to participate in nutrition education more than male students, and regarding their concerns for nutrition education, 73.2% of the females and 50.0% of the males displayed interest in 'obesity and the regulation of body weight'. Therefore, this study showed female students give more attention to the obesity and the regulation of body weight than male students(p=.000<.001). In addition, female students had higher interests($8.63{\pm}1.67$) than male students ($7.45{\pm}2.03$) in nutrition knowledge(p=.000<.001). By investigating the use of nutrition knowledge in everyday life, our research indicated that the actual use of nutrition knowledge was less. To encourage students to persue dietary lives addressing the concerns confirmed above, the following needed to occur. 1) Provide them nutrition information for the main processed foodstuffs encountered when dining out(breads, cakes, cookies, and carbonated beverage). 2) Teach them to read food nutrition labels. 3) Help them find a lifestyle connection through lasting self-management methods and the generation of social support. Accordingly, this required developing effective and practical nutrition education programs that considered regional characteristics and gender differences. The most important factors considered during nutrition education program development were the need for motivation and ongoing education by stage of change, rather than temporal education through specific problem analysis, in order that those being educated may bring about a change of behavior by themselves. Therefore, from this study, we have suggested the use of multilateral operating strategies for successful nutrition education. In addition the phase model of behavior change should be applied. Our programs were aimed at self owned nutritional management so that students could master their own methods for acquiring skills and enjoying dietary life. The research may be summed up as follows. First, the purpose of education at the recognition stage of change was to attempt motivation for nutrition improvement, by analyzing the problems such as food buying habit and the main purchasing viewpoints when dining out. Second, the purpose of education at the action stage of change was to help students acquire of concrete methods for behavior modification by linking the program to their home as well as to teachers with various activities that suited the situation at school. This was done by analyzing the processes and decisions pertaining to dining out the main processed foodstuffs and principal components, etc. through data and experimental practice. Third, the purpose of education for changing of habits and values, or the maintenance stage, was to investigate the various reasons that undesirable behaviors were induced, and then determine a lasting self-management method as well as how to generate social support. If the nutrition education program developed in this study is utilized on site, someone in the primary role as the nutrition educator and trained specifically in nutrition, can help induce the health promotion in the community as well as lasting dietary management, by executing a link with families in parallel with educating teaching staff and students' parents. In addition, this program can playa role in the government policies related to the health promotion for our youth who are the foundation of our nation and who can enhance our national competitive power.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.453-458
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• 2001

The Rural Development Administration (RDA) of Korea now operates a system called Rice Variety Selection Tests (RVST), which are now being implemented in eight Agricultural Research and Extension Services located in eight province RVST's objective is to provide accurate yield estimates and to select well-adapted varieties to each province. Systematic evaluation of entries included in RVST is a highly important task to select the best-adapted varieties to specific location and to observe the performance of entries across a wide range of test sites within a region. The rice yield data in RVST for ordinary transplanting in Kangwon province during 1997-2000 were analyzed. The experiments were carried out in three replications of a random complete block design with eleven entries across five locations. Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model was employed to examine the interaction between genotype and environment (G$\times$E) in the biplot form. It was found that genotype variability was as high as 66％, followed by G$\times$E interaction variability, 21％, and variability by environment, 13％. G$\times$E interaction was partitioned into two significant (P＜0.05) principal components. Pattern analysis was used for interpretation on G$\times$E interaction and adaptibility. Major determinants among the meteorological factors on G$\times$E matrix were canopy minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity, sunshine hours, precipitation and mean cloud amount. Odaebyeo, Obongbyeo and Jinbubyeo were relatively stable varieties in all the regions. Furthermore, the most adapted varieties in each region, in terms of productivity, were evaluated.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.515-524
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of artificial disturbance by analyzing and comparing the survey data of the Yeongju dam located in Yeongju-si, Gyeongbuk before and after impoundment. We surveyed four sites between the downstream of sediment control to the downstream of Yeongju Dam four times between April and October 2018. The macroinvertebrate data before the survey were gathered from the literature. The total number of benthic macroinvertebrates we observed was $35,037ind./m^2$, including 77 species, 48 families, 14 orders, 7 classes, and 3 phyla. The result of the community analysis showed that the dominant index increased from 0.44(${\pm}0.11$) before impoundment to 0.62(${\pm}0.16$) after impoundment. The diversity index increased from 2.26(${\pm}0.30$) to 1.75(${\pm}0.45$), the evenness index from 0.75(${\pm}0.10$) to 0.66(${\pm}0.14$), and the richness index from 3.11(${\pm}0.98$) to 2.25(${\pm}0.81$). The most dominant species changed from Hydropsychidae spp. to Chironomidae sp. The result of the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on Axis 1 showed that the sites of 2014 and Hydropsychidae spp. had a negative value, while the sites of 2018 and Chironomidae sp. had a positive value. In all study sites, the dominance increased while the diversity decreased. The community change was the largest in St. 2. The results of the functional group analysis showed that the scrapers increased while gathering-collectors increased among the functional feeding group and that the clingers decreased while borrows increased among the habitat oriented group. The Benthic Macroinvertebrate Streambed Index (BMSI) decreased from an average of 57.1(${\pm}8.0$, C class) to an average of 30.0(${\pm}12.1$, C class). St. 3 and St. 4, in particular, showed a high reduction rate.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.221-244
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• 2004

Prunus sargentii complex of subgenus Cerasus is an Eastem Asiatic plant group that exhibits a broad range of morphological variation and includes P. takesimensis, P. yedosensis, P. verecunda, and P. sargentii. In this study, a morphological analysis was undertaken to determine whether the observed morphological variation was primarily attributable to morphological discontinuities among the taxa. P. sargentii, which distributed eastem area in Korea, northern area in Japan and far east Russia had umbel like inflorescence and additionally was characterized by sticky bud and leaf twigs, compared with P. serrulata complex. Also, P. verecunda in Korea and Japan was characterized by umbel like inflorescence and presence of hair in leaf, petiole and pedicel, and was treated as a variety of P. sargentii. Evidence obtained from multivariate morphometric analyses indicated that the entity of P. takesimensis formed a cohesive group somewhat distinct from P. sargenti.. Especially, P. takesimensis was characterized by relatively small flowers (26-32mm in diameter) and many flowers [(2)3-5] per umbel inflorescence, compared with P. sargentii (34-48mm and 2(3) per inflorescence) and should be recognized as an independent and endeImic taxon in Korea. Additionally, P. yedosensis, which was known to have umbel inflorescence (short peduncle type) with pubescent style based on the type specimen, was comprised of corymb inflorescence (long peduncle type) as well. The morphological differentiation between these two types of P. yedosensis was not considered sufficient to warrant recognition of specific status because of the putative hybrid origin, no distinctive geographical distribution pattern, and existence of various peduncle length on Island Jeju-do of Korea.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.102-113
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• 2019

Slack-tide sampling was carried out at 6 stations at high and low tide for a tidal cycle during spring tide of the early summer (June) and summer (July, August) of 2016 to determine the difference of water quality according to tide in Masan Bay, Korea. The mixing regime of all the water quality components investigated was well explained through the correlation with SAL. In the early summer and summer, TURB, DSi and NNN which mainly flow into the bay from the streams and SS, COD, AMN and $H_2S$ which mainly indicate the internal sink and source materials have a property of conservative mixing and non-conservative mixing, respectively. The conservative mixing showed a good linear relationship of the water quality between high and low tide, and the non-conservative mixing showed a variation of different pattern each other. Factor analysis performed on the concentration difference data sets between high and low tide helped in identifying the principal latent variables for them. In early summer, multiple effects (tidal action, natural influx and internal sinks and sources etc.) acted in combination for the differences to be distributed evenly in four factors (VF1~4), since there were few allochthonous inputs as a low-water season. On the contrary, in summer, the parameters showing large concentration difference at ST-1 affected by stream water were concentrated in one factor (VF1) and clearly distinguished from the parameters affected by the internal sinks and sources. In fact, there is no estuary (bay) that always maintains steady state flow conditions. The mixing regime of an estuary might be changed at any time due to the change of flushing time, and furthermore the change of end-member conditions due to the internal sinks and sources makes the occurrence of concentration difference inevitable. Therefore, when investigating the water quality of the estuary, it is necessary to take a sampling method considering the tide to obtain average water quality data.