• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.1 s.19
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• pp.37-42
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• 2007

As the cholera was spread over the Joseon dynasty at 1821, Hwang Doyeon investigated the symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramp and so on, and he presented the cause of cholera as the damage of Primordial-gi caused by abnormal climate and Damp-heat made by taking inadequate foods. He regarded as of great importance the ordinary health condition by guessing the prognosis of the disease, and proposed how to make a diagnosis of dehydration by observing nails and toenails. To treat cholera, he presented the methods of Sipseon-bloodletting and Singwol-moxacautery, and mentioned compound herb remedies and single herbs like garlic etc. He wrote down Mulberry leaves and Argyi wormwood leaves as the preventor of cholera to emphasize the importance of prevention, and mentioned food contraindication in addition to keep from getting worse.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.175-181
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• 2008

As the representative medical scholar at the time of Geumwon(金元) Dynasty, Idongwon(李東垣) deepened and developed the meaning of the diseases on internal injuries. He also proposed the primordial Gi[原氣] and Eum-Fire[陰火] theory in the physiology and pathology. Idongwon(李東垣) defined the pathological metabolism of internal injuries as the hyperactivity against Eum-Fire[陰火] due to the lack of primordial Gi[原氣不足], and he suggested the deficiency of Gi[氣虛] in the Spleen and Stomach and the surge of seven modes of emotion as the causes of the Eum-Fire[陰火] hyperactivity. Additionally, he established the therapy principles of eliminating Heat with Sweet and Warm drug[溫熱藥] and raising yang and spreading fire[升陽散火] based upon the above mentioned pathological metabolism. The Eum-Fire[陰火] that was suggested by Idongwon(李東垣) indicates the Heat syndrome[熱證] developed by internal causes[內因], and the principle reason is the consumption of the Spleen and Stomach Therefore, it is important to recuperate the function of Spleen and Stomach in treating the disease symptoms caused by Eum-Fire[陰火], and the therapies of eliminating Heat with Sweet and Warm drug [溫熱藥] and raising yang and spreading fire[升陽散火] are the corresponding ones. However, since vital Essence could be lacked due to the consumption of Spleen and Stomach, the therapy of replenishing Eum has to be considered. Additionally, the damp removal therapeutic method also has to be considered since Damp could be stagnated by the loss of function in Spleen and Stomach. In other way, Eum-Fire[陰火] developed by the consumption of Spleen and Stomach is somewhat similar aspect to the premier Fire[相火] that is developed by the lack of Eum[陰虛]. But complications could be developed if therapies of enriching the Eum[滋陰] to suppress Fire and replenishing Eum[補陰] are mainly used to control the symptoms developed by the lack of Eum[陰虛]. Namely, the drugs used to replenish Eum[補陰] mostly have the heavy and turbid properties, which contrarily have the possibility to debilitate the functions of Spleen and Stomach by causing Dampness within a body. So, care must be made in their use.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2004

The theory of liver by Jang suk-sun[張錫純] is that first, although liver exists at right side of body and spleen at left anatomically, function of liver presents at left side of body and function of spleen at right based on principle of 'interdependence between eum and yang' and 'join strength with elasticity', and in the relation between liver and spleen, if gi of spleen ascends, gi of liver also ascends, and if gi of stomach descents, gi of gall bladder also descents. So. care of spleen and stomach becomes main point in treating disease of liver. The meaning of 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation'[肝主氣化] is that first, it raises the primordial gi and forms the 'great g' for it's circulation of whole body. Second., it excretes the functional activity of gi and connects heart with kidney and guides the evaporation of the whole body by connecting innate nature with acquired nature. Third, 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation' is realized by the help of spleen and stomach. And he said that this functional activity of gi is one of distinctive features that distinguish Oriental medicine from Western medicine. He discoursed upon physiology of 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation' and 'the Body belonged to yin and the Use belonged to yang' after seeing an evil of abusing drugs that calm the liver and check hyperfunction of liver by contemporary doctors. And he established a treat of 'warming and recuperating the gi of liver' [溫補肝氣法] and used it for symptoms of 'deficiency of liver-gi'[肝氣虛], 'exhaution of liver-gi'[肝氣脫], and 'the liver-cold'[肝寒證].

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.4 s.91
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• pp.249-251
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• 1999

The yields and the biological efficiency of Hericium erinaceus in the case of the bottle cultivation was 356 g/850 ml, 147.8% and in pot cultivation was 810 g/2,500 ml, 114.3% respectively. On the primordial formation the case of no removing inoculation spawn was well introduced, and the mushroom's yield and biological efficiency was to be high in the case of the bottle's cap was shut. The results in the use of the logs for Hericeum erinaceus's cultural media were to be fine in oak, alder, poplar, black locust in order. And in oak, the yield of the mushrooms were $1195.5\;g/0.1\;m^3$ biological efficiency was 17.3%, the period requirements for primordium was 69 days, and the mushroom's individual weight was 143 g.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

In "Hwangjenaegyeong", pathogenesis is explained based on theory of Yin and Yang. According to the theory, all environments surrounding us, physical and emotional both, are related to outbreak of diseases. This also reflects one of the major theories in oriental medicine, in which a human body is perceived as a correspondence to natural environment. In this theory, the main idea is to understand changes in the universe based on mutual correlations from within. This kind of perspective is easily criticized from scientific point of view. Whereas modern science pursue analytic thinking and objective information, the theories above seem rather vague. However, from a different angle, through a characteristic perspective of oriental medicine, actual significance can be found in the theory. Many diseases result from one's intemperate living habits. Therefore, much prevention can be made by self-control. Also, once disease occurs, the essential step to treatment is to find cause in the living environment and regain balance. Natural cure will take its' course when living habits recover moderate pace and are back in harmony with the environment.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2007

Pulse diagnosis that distinguishes internal injury from external injury by comparing the left and right of the chon pulse was formed in the process of Naegyoung's pulsation theory of ST9 and LU9 being assimilated into diagnostic method by taking chon pulse. The founder of school of internal injury, I Dong-won, expanded the horizon for this method to be widely used in clinical practice by especially explaining the specific application and theoretical background. According to him, pulse at ST9 which means chon pulse at the left hand, is bigger than the chon pulse at the right hand, it reflects external injury. Bigger "entrance pulse", a chon pulse at the right hand means internal injury. The reason is the left side of the body is a path for Yanggi so it controls the exterior part and the right side of the body is a path for Eumgi to descend so it controls the interior part. Internal injury develops as the spleen and stomach get injured. If the spleen and stomach is damaged essence derived from food cannot ascend to the stomach and will flow back to the lower part. As a result, fire of Eum type formed at the lower part will shoot up to the upper part and manifests external injury-like exterior syndromes. In this case, evidence distinguishing between internal and external injury is the fact that right hand pulse is bigger than the left hand. The important reason for distinguishing between internal and external injury is because when treating external injury caused by excess syndrome, pathogenic Gi should be dispelled. However, treating internal injury cased by deficiency syndrome, requires promoting the primordial Gi.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1129-1136
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• 2005

The writer reports the conclusions gained from study about the cause of the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome with Dongeuibogam as the central figure through researching the disharmony among Body Essence, Vital Energy, Mentality, and Blood, mutual action of five viscera and six bowels, and external shapes. The hypersensitive large intestine syndrome is generally chronic and recurred in many cases, so it is more efficacious than symptomatic to treat according to find the contradictions of individual shapes. The shapes and cases suffering frequently the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome are Gi-kwa and Sin-kwa, having a long nose, having a bruised spot on Triple warmer, man with inclined mouth, Taeeum type, man with congested fluids, man with colic symptoms. The hypersensitive large intestine syndrome in Oriental medicine is recognized of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, abdominal distention and fullness caused by seven emotions. In Dongeuibogam it can be found out the similarity in depressive symptoms due to disorder of Gi, stagnation of Gi, dysphasia due to disorder of Gi, diarrhea due to disorder of Gi, fullness of due to Gi, diarrhea due to phlegm-retention, retention of undigested food, immoderate drinking, hypo-function of the spleen, or deficiency, abdominal pain from colic symptom, and difficulty in defecation and urination, internal injury, diarrhea due to weakness and fatigue. If the Jung, Gi, Sin, and Hyul composed the human body is broken harmony, the function of large intestinal transmission would be fallen, so similar symptoms like the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome are gotten. Especially Gi-kwa suffers diarrhea, constipation abdominal pain, and abdominal distention and fullness due to depressive symptoms from disorder of Seven emotions or Seven Gi. And Sin-kwa suffers from the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome due to emotional restlessness having an influence on rhythmic movement of abdomen. Examining between five viscera and six bowels and the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome, Liver cannot disperse well having influence on mutual relation of Liver-Large intestine, Heart reduces the function of defecation and urination not to control the seven emotions, Lung having exterior and interior relation with intestine has an influence on primordial energy and let the main symptoms occur, Spleen circulating the body fluid let the main symptoms occur due to malfunction of circulation, Kidney locating in lower part of the body has deep connection with intestine, so let the disorder. Urinary bladder is connected with intestine in moisture metabolism, Stomach is connected in receive and transmission, Small intestine is connected in absorption and excretion, from small intestine pain disturbing the abdominal movement, Samcho managing the catharsis of lower heater if declined its function causes the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome. The colic symptoms of Front private parts which disorder in lower abdomen give rise to abdominal pains, difficulty in defecation and urination due to Cold are similar to the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome. The treatments of applying the shapes of colic syndrome advocated by Master Park can be efficacious cure in clinic. Researching after the clinical cases of Master Park advocating Hyungsang medicine, we came to know that plenty of prescriptions of internal injury are applied and take good effects.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2015

This study was carried out to develop optimum sawdust medium for bottle cultivation of Pholiota adiposa. Five kinds of sawdust media were tested. Period of primordial formation was shorter 1-5 days in T3 and in T4 than in other treatments. Total cultivation period was 3-5 days longer in treatments including oak sawdust than in T5, treatment of poplar+rice bran(8:2). Stipe diameter, stipe length, and number of valid stipe were the biggest in T3. Yield of fruiting body was increased 33% in T3 and 12% in T4, respectively compared to T1 as control. Therefore, T3, treatment of oak sawdust+beet pulf+cottonseed meal(5:3:2), would be appropriate for the commercial production of Pholiota adiposa by bottle cultivation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.216-219
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• 2014

Studies were made to optimize the media composition in bag culture and conducted to determine the possibility of artificial cultivation of Auricularia auricula. Sawdust spawn of media composition for optimal growth were found to be oak-sawdust 80%combination of 20% popla-sawdust were the best of the optimal combination. And optimal substrate combination were found to be cotton-seed meal combination of 10% wheat bran 5% mixed were the best of combination. The duration of spawn run period and primordial formation period on bag(1.2 kg) were 50 days and 7 days, respectively. The weight of fruiting body and the yield(100ea, 1.2 kg) of fresh fruit-body were 24 g and 45,000 g, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 2020

Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily enzymes in mammals and plays a major role in metabolizing endogenous hormones in the liver. In recent days, CYP1A2 expression has been found in not only the liver but also other tissues including the pancreas and lung. However, little information is available regarding the expression of CYP1A2 in the ovary, in spite of the facts that the ovarian follicle growth and atresia are tightly associated with controls of endocrine hormonal networks. Therefore, the expression of CYP1A2 in the ovaries of prepubertal and pubertal rats was investigated to assess its expression pattern and puberty-related alteration. It was demonstrated that the expression level of CYP1A2 was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the pubertal ovaries than prepubertal counterparts. At the ovarian follicle level in both groups, whereas CYP1A2 expression was less detectable in the primordial, primary and secondary follicles, the strongly positive expression of CYP1A2 was localized in the granulosa cell layers in the antral and pre-ovulatory follicles. However, the ratio of CYP1A2-positive ovarian follicle was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in the ovary of pubertal group (73.1 ± 3.1%) than prepubertal one (41.0 ± 10.5%). During the Immunofluorescence, expression of CYP1A2 was mainly localized in Fas-positive follicles, indicating the atretic follicles. In conclusion, these results suggested that CYP1A2 expression was mainly localized at the atretic follicular cells and affected by the onset of puberty. Further study is still necessary but we hypothesize that CYP1A2 expresses in the atretic follicles to metabolize residue of the reproductive hormones. These findings may have important implications for the fields of reproductive biology of animals.