• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.135-146
• /
• 1989

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of sound stress on humoral and cellular immune responses to thymus-dependent and independent antigens in mice. After mice were exposed to 4 hr daily sound stessors(83㏈) for 4 days before or after immunization, the primary and / or secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells(SRBC), polyvinylpyrroridone(PVP) or picry1 chloride(TNCB) were assayed. When mice were exposed to sound stressor before or after immunization, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and contact sensitivity to TNCB was remarkably depressed compared with those of the unstressed control mice. However, the primary and secondary hemagglutinin response of the stresed mice to SRBC showed a pronounced increase compared with that of the unstressed mice, In contrast to antibody response to SRBC, the primary antibody response of the stressed mic to PVP was almost not detected. surprisingly, the secondary antibody response to PVP of the mice receiving the secondary sound stress was markedly increased when the immune-depressed mice received the secondary immunization with PVP at 46 days after the primary immunization. The susceptibility of mice to intraven-oulsy infected Candida albicans was not changed by the sound stress.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.203-210
• /
• 2018

Stress severely disturbs physiological and mental homeostasis which includes adult neurogenesis in hippocampus. Neurogenesis in hippocampus is a key feature to adapt to environmental changes and highly regulated by multiple cellular signaling pathways. The primary cilium is a cellular organelle, which acts as a signaling center during development and neurogenesis in adult mice. However, it is not clear how the primary cilia are involved in the process of restraint (RST) stress response. Using a mouse model, we examined the role of primary cilia in repeated and acute RST stress response. Interestingly, RST stress increased the number of ciliated cells in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). In our RST model, cell proliferation in the DG also increased in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the analysis of ciliated cells in the hippocampal DG with cell type markers indicated that cells that were ciliated in response to acute RST stress are neurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that RST stress response is closely associated with an increase in the number of ciliated neurons and leads to an increase in cell proliferation.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.66 no.11
• /
• pp.1561-1567
• /
• 2017

This paper calculates the effective capacity of EES providing the primary frequency control service based on its contribution to the frequency response of the power system. The amount of governor response from conventional generators which can be replaced by the primary frequency control from EES keeping the frequency response of the power system is defined as the effective capacity. The proposed method for calculating the effective capacity of EES is verified through case studies employing Korean power system. Furthermore, the application of the effective capacity of EES to power system operation is also discussed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.163-168
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immune response to serotype 19A in children aged 12-23 months after immunization of the 19F containing 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Methods: Blood samples from a total of 45 subjects (age 12-23 months) were included in the study. Subjects were categorized according to immunization status into three groups as follows: 18 subjects with 3 primary doses and 1 booster dose of PCV7 (booster group), 21 subjects with 3 primary doses before 12 months of age (primary group), and 6 subjects with no vaccination history of PCV7 (control group). An ELISA and opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) was done to evaluate the immune responses against serotypes 19F and 19A. Results: According to the ELISA, all subjects had antibody titers ${\geq}0.35{\mu}g/mL$ for serotypes 19F and 19A in the booster and primary group and 83.0% and 66.7% in the control group, respectively. According to the OPKA, subjects with opsonic activity (${\geq}20$) against serotypes 19F and 19A were 100% and 61.1% of the subjects in the booster group and 66.7% and 19.0% in the primary group, respectively. No subjects in the control group had opsonic antibodies against both serotypes. Conclusion: In conclusion, in children 12-23 months age who were previously vaccinated with PCV7, a cross-reactive immune response is elicited against serotype 19A after a primary series of 3 doses in a small proportion of subjects, and this response is amplified after booster vaccination.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.45 no.2 s.142
• /
• pp.103-109
• /
• 2007

Leishmania tropica and L. major are etiologic agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immunologic response that has been frequently used as a correlate for protection against or sensitization to leishmania antigen. In BALB/c mice, L. tropica infection results in non-ulcerating disease, whereas L. major infection results in destructive lesions. In order to clarify the immunologic mechanisms of these 2 different outcomes, we compared the ability of these 2 leishmania species in induction of DTH response in this murine model. BALB/c mice were infected with L. major or L. tropica, and disease evolution and DTH responses were determined. The results show that the primary L. major infection can exacerbate the secondary L. major infection and is associated with DTH response. Higher doses of the primary L. major infection result in more disease exacerbation of the secondary L. major infection as well as higher DTH response. L. tropica infection induces lower DTH responses than L. major. We have previously reported that the primary L. tropica infection induces partial protection against the secondary L. major infection in BALB/c mice. Induction of lower DTH response by L. tropica suggests that the protection induced against L. major by prior L. tropica infection may be due to suppression of DTH response.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.179-187
• /
• 2020

Seismic qualification of equipment including piping is performed by using floor response spectra (FRS) or in-structure response spectra (ISRS) as the earthquake input at the base of the equipment. The amplitude of the FRS may be noticeably reduced when obtained from coupling analysis because of interaction between the primary structure and the equipment. This paper introduces a method using a modal synthesis approach to generate the FRS in a coupled primary-secondary system that can avoid numerical instabilities or inaccuracies. The FRS were generated by considering the dynamic interaction that can occur at the interface between the supporting structure and the equipment. This study performed a numerical example analysis using a typical nuclear structure to investigate the coupling effect when generating the FRS. The study results show that the coupling analysis dominantly reduces the FRS and yields rational results. The modal synthesis approach is very practical to implement because it requires information on only a small number of dynamic characteristics of the primary and the secondary systems such as frequencies, modal participation factors, and mode shape ordinates at the locations where the FRS needs to be generated.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.65 no.7
• /
• pp.1169-1175
• /
• 2016

As an Increased penetration level of renewable resources has caused concerns about primary frequency response, an increase in BESS(Battery Energy Storage System) capacity has been expected because of its fast response to the disturbances in the power system. This paper proposes the Integrated Control Strategy of multiple BESS for effectively providing the primary frequency control in the bulk power systems by coordinating the response, SOC and its recovery of BESS. The proposed strategy prevents multiple BESS from providing exceeding response and keeps the balance between SOC of multiple BESS. In addition, It would recover the SOC of BESS efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through various case studies employing Korean power system.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.2057-2060
• /
• 2014

Purpose: To assess the effect and safety of lobaplatin combinated floxuridine /pirarubicin in transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization(TACE) of unresectable primary liver cancer. Patients and Methods: TACE combined with the chemotherapy regimen was used to treat 34 unresectable primary liver cancer patients. DSA/MRI/CT/blood routine examinations were used to evaluate short term activity and toxicity after 4-5 weeks, the process being repeated if necessary. Results: Among the 34 cases, 1 (2.9%) showed a complete response, 21 (61.7%) a partial response, 8 (23.5%) stable disease, and 4 progressive disease, with a total effective rate of 67.6%. The content of alpha fetoprotein dropped by over 50% in 20 cases (58.8%). The rate of recovery was hepatalgia (88.2%), ascites (47.1%), appetite (55.9%), Performance Status(30.4%). The median follow-up time (MFT) was 281 days (63-558 days), and median progression-free survival was 118.5 days (95%, CI:88.8-148.2days). Adverse reactions (III-IV grade) were not common, with only 4 cases of vomiting and 2 cases of thrombocytopenia (III grade). Conclusions: Lobaplatin-based TACE is an effective and safe treatment for primary liver cancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2002.05c
• /
• pp.156-159
• /
• 2002

This paper presents an experimental study of the surge response characteristics for the primary winding of a pole transformer and ultimately aims at devising countermeasures against the surge in operating transformer. After applying the impulse voltage to the primary of the 30 kVA pole transformer with single bushing, the voltage waveforms were measured at each tap lead and compared with one another. As a result, the voltage peak of the surge propagating in the primary was decreased in magnitude at a constant rate and somewhat delayed compared to the peak of the applied surge as the tap leads were getting closer to the grounding terminal. The voltage measured at the secondary was not delayed in time, different from that at the primary, and it was about 1/6 according to the turn ratio.

• Journal of KSNVE
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.655-661
• /
• 1997

Base-isolation of a primary structure generally decrete the seismic response of its own and the secondary structure. It may cause an adverse effect on the seismic response of secondary system when the system is submerged and subject to a considerable hydrodynamic effect. In this paper, it is shown how, and how much, the base isolation of the primary structure can affect the secondary system response in extreme cases through dynamic analysis of a simplified coupled model for a submerged secondary system and a base-isolated primary structure. As an aseismatic design approach to reduce the response of the submerged system, optimization of the fluid gap, which controls the hydrodynamic mass effect, is performed. As an alternative approach in case where the control of fluid gap is unrealistic, application of base isolation to the submerged system is suggested. Effectiveness of various combinations of the primary base and secondary base isolations are compared.