• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.467-478
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• 1995

The school food service system has been an important national policy in Korea. To find out the reference data of the school food service system, we surveyed four primary schools, one middle school, and one food service center in Nara, Japan. The results are as follows; 1. The school food service was carried out in 99.4% of primary school children and in 82.5% of middle school students. 2. The central commissary school food service system was utilized at 49.0% of primary schools and 68.5% of middle schools. 3. The expense of the system is supported partially by the student's parents and partially by the government, of which the support rate was noticed by the law of school food service. 4. The dietary content of school food service was laid down by 'The rule of the operation basis of school food service'. The menu was chosen by the 7 kinds of stepwise meetings. 5. The teachers emphasized on the food etiquette, the appreciation to the food and the personal relationship during meal, as well as on the nutritional balance. 6. We found other problems in Japanese food service system, such as the sanitary problems, the problems of the new tableware, and whether the central kitchen had less advantage than the individual school kitchen. We can conclude that the school food service system is becoming the essential part in school education, and hope to design not only economical but also educational system in Korea, with the consideration of Japanese system.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.115-121
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• 2020

The primary aim of this paper is to discuss the historical development or grammaticalization of English adverbial -ly suffix and provide a diachronic analysis of manner adverbs and sentence adverbs from the perspective of secondary grammaticalization. The grammaticalization includes both the primary grammaticalization from a lexical to a grammatical and the secondary grammaticalization from a less grammatical to a more grammatical status. The emergence of the manner adverbs is due to the primary grammaticalization from OE adjectival suffix -lic to ME adverbial suffix -ly. In contrast, the emergence of sentence adverbs is due to the secondary grammaticalization from manner adverbs in VP domain to sentence adverbs in TP domain with grammatical features of tense and modality. This paper concludes that the secondary grammaticalization of the English adverbial -ly suffix includes the change from manner adverbs to sentence adverbs which obtain a new grammatical function of tense and modality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.106-117
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• 2004

The factors of obesity related with food habits were assessed to provide information for nutrition education database. The subjects in this study were 234 primary school children in Busan. Children were classified into normal and obese groups(mildly obese, moderately obese and severely obese) by obesity index. In self-recognition of body image, only 28.6% of MI group considered themselves as 'overweight or obese'. 87.2% of the subjects controlled their weight method with exercise. With regard to meal speed, 64.5% of the subjects ate $fast({\leq}15\;min.)$. The study also found that 79.8% of the subjects ate breakfast, 56.4% of the subjects them were moderate by obese, 40.8% of the subjects ate snacks after dinner. Eating speed, meal volume and snacks money per day were significantly different in obesity. Preference for eating out was Korean Chinese, Western and Japanese food, in order. Favorite food for snack, such as ddukbokki, fruits, milk. fried foods and candy and caramel were significantly different in obesity(p<0.05). However hamberger, pizza and chocolate were not significantly different in obesity. The most preference snack for all the subjects were fruits and ice cream. In food preference, potato, dduk, meats, fishes, cheese, milk, ice cream were significantly different in obesity. The distasteful food for subjects were patbab, vegetables, shellfishes and salt-fermented foods. From above results, obesity of children was related to meal speed, meal volume and snacks motley per day. Therefore, these results suggest that continuous and practical nutrition education to change food habits art necessary to avoid child obesity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2003

This study was investigated to identify the regulatory mechanism of ACC gene expression by hormones and nutrition. The fragment of ACC promoter I (PI) -220 bp region was recombined to pGL3-Basic vector with luciferase as a reporter gene. The primary hepatocyte from the rat was used to investigate the regulation of ACC PI activity. ACC PI (-220 bp)/luciferase chimeric plasmid was transfected into primary rat hepatocyte by using lipofectin. ACC PI activity was shown by measuring luciferase activity. The addition of insulin, dexamethasone, and triiodothyronine to the culture medium increased the activity of ACC PI by 2.5-, 2.3- and 1.8-fold, respectively. In the presence of 1 $\mu$M dexamethasone, the effects of insulin was amplified about 1.2-fold showing the additional effects of dexamethasone. Moreover the activity of luciferase was increased by insulin, dexamethasone, and triiodothyronine treatment approximately 4-fold. These results indicated that insulin, dexamethasone and thyroid hormone coordinately regulate ACC gene expression via regulation of promoter I activity. On the -220 to ＋21 region of ACC PI, the addition of the glucose to the culture medium increased the activity of ACC PI. With 25 mM glucose, luciferase activity increased by 7-fold. On the other hand, on the -220 bp region, ACC PI activity was not changed by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, it can be postulated that there are response elements for insulin, triiodothyronine, dexamethasone, and glucose, but not PUFAs on the -220 bp region of ACC PI.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.144-153
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• 2021

Astrocytes play various important roles such as maintaining brain homeostasis, supporting neurons, and secreting inflammatory mediators to protect the brain cells. In aged subjects, astrocytes show diversely changed phenotypes and dysfunctions. But, the study of aged astrocytes or astrocytes from aged subjects is not yet sufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of their important processes in the regulation of brain function. In this study, we induced an in vitro aged astrocyte model through late passage cultivation of rat primary cultured astrocytes. Astrocytes were cultured until passage 7 (P7) as late passage astrocytes and compared with passage 1 (P1) astrocytes as early passage astrocytes to confirm the differences in phenotypes and the effects of serial passage. In this study, we confirmed the morphological, molecular, and functional changes of late passage astrocytes showing aging phenotypes through SA-β-gal staining and measurement of nuclear size. We also observed a reduced expression of inflammatory mediators including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, and COX2, as well as dysregulation of wound-healing, phagocytosis, and mitochondrial functions such as mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate. Culture-conditioned media obtained from P1 astrocytes promoted neurite outgrowth in immature primary cultures of rat cortices, which is significantly reduced when we treated the immature neurons with the culture media obtained from P7 astrocytes. These results suggest that late passage astrocytes show senescent astrocyte phenotypes with functional defects, which makes it a suitable model for the study of the role of astrocyte senescence on the modulation of normal and pathological brain aging.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.160-168
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• 1997

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng saponin extracts on the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of mouse thymus in vivo and mouse thymocytes in vitro. The saponin fractions of red ginseng (R-SAP) and white ginseng (Wl-SAP) were provided by the Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute, and the other saponin fraction of white ginseng (W2-SAP) was extracted in our laboratory. 1. The male ICR mice (3~4 wk old; weighing 15$\pm$2 g) were given by each saponin fraction of 5 mg/kg/ day for 4 days, and at one hour after the last treatment, they were injected by deuamethasone (5 mg/kg : DX). The mouse thymus was extracted at 6 hours after DX injection, and they were stained with hematoxylin-eosin reagents and an Apop-Tag kit, respectively, and the thymocytes prepared from it were labelled with anti-mouse FITC-anti-CD4 and anti-mouse PE-anti-CD8 and then analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). DX-induced reduction of thymus weight was significantly attenuated by W2- SAP but was not affected by other saponin fractions. And DX-induced apoptotic death of thymocytes, appeared in the histologic findings of the thymus, was inhibited by the saponin fractions and the order of these inhibitory potencies was R-SAP》W2-SAP>Wl-SAP. However, in respect of T cell receptors, the differentiation of thymocytes seems not to be changed by treatments with DX or/and the saponin fractions. 2. In the primary thymocyte culture, the DX-induced reduction of thymocyte MTT values was rather greater in RPMI 1640 medium of IWc fetal bovine serum (FBS) or horse serum (HS). In addition, the DX-Induced MTT reduction was significantly inhibited by R-SAP or W2-SAP, in the culture using that medium of 5% FBS or HS. But these saponin fraction did not effected the DX-induced reduction of thymocyte MTT value in primary culture of 10% FBS or 10% HS. These results suggest that R-SAP and some W-SAP fractions may protect thymocyte from stress or glucocorticoisteroid-induced death of them.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1987

In vitro induction of cytochrome 450 associated monooxygenase activities by phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) was investigated in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. PB and MC were added to the culture 24 hr after the initial plating of hepatocytes. A signiftcant increase of the activities of 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase were observed in MC and PB treated culture. MC caused about 500% induction of the initial oxidation rates of both enzymes in 48 hr. However the PB maintained both enzyme activities close to the level of freshly isolated hepatocytes. Biphenyl 4-hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities were also induced by MC and PB. But the level of induction was less than that occuring with 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. When aflatoxin $B_1$ was added to the hepatocyte cultures which have been treated with MC or PB, it caused a significant increase of the unscheduled DNA synthesis at higher dose of aflatoxin $B_1$ as compared to those of untreated control hepatocyte cultures. The results suggest that microsomal enzyme activities can be selectively controlled preferably in hepatocyte cultures by the in vitro induction method. This principle may be useful for studying the metabolism and other toxicological studies.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.297-305
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• 1997

A new serum-free defined medium was developed that supports the growth of normal rat mammary epithelial cells. Mammary organoids from the glands of female F344 rats were cultured in a serum-free medium. Monolayer culture colonies developed within a week and remained viable for months in culture. Upon subculture of one-week-old primary colonies, almost the same morphology of colonies was developed. The scrape loading/dye transfer technique showed that most of colonies that developed in a serum-free medium containing EGF, human transferrin, insulin, and hydrocortisone (basal serum-free medium, BSFM) failed to show cell-cell communication. However, colonies cultured in BSFM supplemented with prolactin, $E_2$, and progesterone (complete hormone serum-free medium, CHSFM) showed cell-cell communication at 14 days of primary culture or of subculture. By flow cytometry with FITCPNA and PE-anti-Thy-1.1 monoclonal antibody, we distinguished four RMEC subpopulations in cultures in both media: Thy-1.1+ cells, PNA+ cells, cells negative to both reagents and cells positive to both reagents. It is likely that combined prolactin, cortisol, and insulin in CHSFM stimulate terminal differentiation of clonogenic cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.501-510
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to establish primary bovine muscle satellite cell (MSC) culture conditions and to investigate the effects of various steroid hormones on transcription of the genes involved in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. Of three different types of proteases (type II collagenase, pronase and trypsin-EDTA) used to hydrolyze the myogenic satellite cells from muscle tissues, trypsin-EDTA treatment yielded the highest number of cells. The cells separated by hydrolysis with type II collagenase and incubated on gelatin-coated plates showed an enhanced cell attachment onto the culture plate and cell proliferation at an initial stage of cell growth. In this study, the bovine MSCs were maintained in vitro up to passage 16 without revealing any significant morphological change, and even to when the cells died at passage 21 with decreased or almost no cell growth or deformities. When the cells were incubated in a steroid-depleted environment (DMEM(-)/10% CDFBS (charcoal-dextran stripped FBS)), they grew slowly initially, and were widened and deformed. In addition, when the cells were transferred to an incubation medium containing steroid (DMEM(+)/10% FBS), the deformed cells resumed their growth and returned to a normal morphology, suggesting that steroid hormones are crucial in maintaining normal MSC morphology and growth. The results demonstrated that treatments with 19-nortestosterone and testosterone significantly increased AR gene expression (p<0.05), implying that both testosterone and 19-nortestosterone bind with AR and that the hormone bound-AR complex up-regulates the genes of its own receptor (AR) plus other genes involved in satellite cell growth and differentiation in bovine muscle.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-149
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• 1997

Recently, the importance of management and cultivation of grasses has been increased in Korea. Among these cultural practices, the appropriate control of diseases is considered more important than other cultivation techniques such as fertilization and irrigation. The damages of brown patch and large patch caused by Rhizoctonia spp. and Pythium blight caused by Pythium spp. are serious in the major cultivation area of turfgrass in Korea. Since these diseases are difficult to control by agrochemicals, the damages are very serious if these are occured. The periodic spray of agrochemicals, to protect and control these diseases could make some problems of toxicity and environmental pollution as well as rising of non-target diseases. Therefore, the biological methods to control diseases have been required to decrease problems resulted from overuse of agrochemicals, to conserve natural ecosystem, and to control effectively diseases of grasses in the long period. The number of studies about biological control using antagonistic microorganisms have been increased for last half century. However, the application of biological control method has been very limited. In this study, thirteen isolates of R. cerealis, 8 isolates of R. solani and 3 isolates of Phthyn spp. have been isolated from diseased turfgrass in golf course and grass-culture area that have patch and wilting symptoms of zoysia grass and creeping bentgrass. Isolation frequency of R. cerealis and R. solani was high in especially zoysiagrass, while Pythym spp. was isolated from bent grass at low frequency but showed high pathogenicity. Totally, 205 isolates of soil microorganisms were isolated in this study as primary antagonistic microorganism by Herr's triple agar layer plate and dual culture method using rhizosphere of grasses, soil of crop field as the source of antagonistic microorganisms. Among the 205 isolates, 23 isolates were actinomycetes and 182 isolates were bacteria. All of the actinomycetes were isolated by Herr's method. Antagonistic effect of primary isolated microorganisms was tested for in vitro mycelial growth inhibition against pathogenic fungi isolated from grasses and for inhibition of disease occurrence in 24 well tissue culture plate and pot experiment. Then, four isolated of bacteria which are BG23, BG74, BG136 and BG171 were selected as antagonistic microorganisms against soil-born pathogenic fungi of bentgrass.