• Title/Summary/Keyword: Pricing of Content

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Neutrality between a Vertically Integrated Cable Provider and an Over-the-Top Video Provider

  • Dai, Wei;Baek, Ji Won;Jordan, Scott
    • Journal of Communications and Networks
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    • v.18 no.6
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    • pp.962-974
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    • 2016
  • We are concerned with whether a vertically integrated broadband and content provider can unreasonably advantage itself over competing content providers, either by selling quality-of-service (QoS) to content providers at unreasonably high prices, or by refusing to provide access to QoS to competing content. We address this question by modeling the competition between one such vertically integrated provider and one over-the-top (OTT) content provider. The broadband provider decides whether to deploy QoS, and if so it also determines the QoS price if sold to either the OTT content provider or directly to users. We analytically determine when the broadband provider will sell QoS and when the OTT content provider or users will purchase QoS. We characterize the optimal QoS and video service prices. The Internet service provider (ISP)'s market share increases with the difference in the value of the two video services and decreases with the difference in the corresponding costs. Numerical results illustrate the effect of QoS price on content price, the variation of prices and profit with QoS price, and the variation of prices and market shares with the benefit of QoS. The ISP may sell QoS to users at a lower price than when QoS is sold to the OTT provider.

The Mediating Effect of Experiential Value on Customers' Perceived Value of Digital Content: China's Anti-virus Program Market (경험개치대소비자대전자내용적인지개치적중개영향(经验价值对消费者对电子内容的认知价值的中介影响): 중국살독연건시장(中国杀毒软件市场))

  • Jia, Weiwei;Kim, Sae-Bum
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.219-230
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    • 2010
  • Digital content makes big changes to our daily lives while bringing opportunities and challenges for companies. Creative firms integrate pictures, texts, videos, audios, and data by digitalization to develop new products or services and create digital experiences to promote their brands. Most articles on digital content contribute to the basic concept or development of marketing it in literature. Actually, compared with traditional value chains for common products or services, the digital content industry seems to have more potential value. Because quite a bit of digital content is free to the consumer, price is not necessarily perceived as an indicator of the quality or value of information (Rowley 2008). It becomes evident that a current theme in digital content is the issue of "value," and research on customers' perceived value of digital content is a necessity. This article argues that experiential value has an advantage in customers' evaluations of digital content. Two different but related contributions to the understanding of "value" of digital content are made here. First, based on the comparison of digital content with products and services, the article proposes two key characteristics that make experiential strategy available for digital content: intangibility and near-zero reproduction cost. On top of that, based on the discussion of the gap between company's idealized value and customer's perceived value, this article emphasizes that digital content prices and pricing of digital content is different from products and services. As a result of intangibility, prices may not reflect customer value. Moreover, the cost of digital content in the development stage may be very high while reproduction costs shrink dramatically. Moreover, because of the value gap mentioned before, the pricing polices vary for different digital contents. For example, flat price policy is generally used for movies and music (Magiera 2001; Netherby 2002), while for continuous demand, digital content such as online games and anti-virus programs involves a more complicated matter of utility and competitive price levels. Digital content companies have to explore various kinds of strategies to overcome this gap. Rethinking marketing solutions such as advertisements, images, and word-of-mouth and their effect on customers' perceived value becomes essential. China's digital content industry is becoming more and more globalized and drawing special attention from different countries and regions that have respective competitive advantages. The 2008-2009 Annual Report on the Development of China's Digital Content Industry (CCIDConsulting 2009) indicates that, with the driven power of domestic demand and governmental policy support, the country's digital content industry maintained a fast growth of some 30 percent in 2008, obviously indicating the initial stage of industry expansion. In China, anti-virus programs and other software programs which need to be updated use a quarter-based pricing policy. Customers can download a trial version for free and use it for six months or a year. If they want to use it longer, continuous payment is needed. They examine the excellence of the digital content during this trial period and decide whether to pay for continued usage. For China’s music and movie industries, as a result of initial development, experiential strategy has not been much applied, even though firms in other countries find the trial experience and explore important strategies(such as customers listening to music for several seconds for free before downloading it). For the above reasons, anti-virus program may be a representative for digital content industry in China and an exploratory study of the advantage of experiential value in customer's perceived value of digital content is done in the anti-virus market of China. In order to enhance the reliability of the survey data, this study focused on people who were experienced users of anti-virus programs. The empirical results revealed that experiential value has a positive effect on customers' perceived value of digital content. In other words, because digital content is intangible and the reproduction costs are nearly zero, customers' evaluations are based heavily on their experience. Moreover, image and word-of-mouth do not have a positive effect on perceived value, only on experiential value. That is to say, a digital content value chain is different from that of a general product or service. Experiential value has a notable advantage and mediates the effect of image and word-of-mouth on perceived value. The results of this study help provide an understanding of why free digital content downloads exist in developing countries. Customers can perceive the value of digital content only by using and experiencing it. This is also why such governments support the development of digital content. Other developing countries whose digital content business is also in the beginning stage can make use of the suggestions here. Moreover, based on the advantage of experiential strategy, companies should make more of an effort to invest in customers' experience. As a result of the characteristics and value gap of digital content, customers perceive more value in the intangible digital content only by experiencing what they really want. Moreover, because of the near-zero reproduction costs, companies can perhaps use experiential strategy to enhance customer understanding of digital content.

A Comparative Study on Over-The-Tops, Netflix & Amazon Prime Video: Based on the Success Factors of Innovation

  • Song, Minzheong
    • International journal of advanced smart convergence
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.62-74
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    • 2021
  • We compare Over-the-Tops (OTTs), Netflix and Amazon Prime Video (APV) with five success factors of innovation. Firstly, Netflix offers better personalized service than APV, because APV has collaborative filtering algorithms to recommend safe bets, not the customers really want. Secondly, APV' user interface is undercooked to lock the members in, even if it has more content and better price offer than Netflix retaining its loyal customers despite the price increase. Thirdly, Netflix has simple subscription model with three tiering, but APV has complicated pricing model having annual and monthly, APV and Prime Video (AV) app, Amazon subscription and extra payment of Amazon Prime Channels (APCs). Fourthly, Amazon has fewer partnership than Netflix especially when it comes to local TV series. Instead, Amazon has live TV channel collaboration including sports content. Lastly, both have strategic and operational agility in their organization well.

Literature Content Analysis: Formulating Different Marketing Plan between Wholesalers and Retailers Supervision System

  • SUH, Junhyuck
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.19 no.8
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    • pp.91-100
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: Supply chain management is a significant component of marketing strategy to achieve the overall goal of maintaining a competitive edge in the industry. To better understand and compare marketing strategies between two major distribution channels (Wholesalers and Retailers), the present study examines the various critical aspects in developing marketing strategies based on numerous prior studies. Research design, data and methodology: Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing various non-numeric data to establish different concepts or opinions in the data. In content analysis, determining the presence of different themes, concepts, or other valuable texts and their relationships is carried out. Usually, the researchers employ three distinct methods to carry out complete content analysis. Results: Developing the appropriate marketing strategy to manage the supply chain of a business is essential. Marketing strategies should be formulated in a manner that ensures the supply chain is well organized. Applying the marketing strategy in the supply chain management, the current author utilizes the four Ps to integrate strategies for two distribution channels which are essential in ensuring proper management. Conclusions: This study concluded that utilizing the existing marketing strategies and integrating them can help in better management of the supply chain, using communication, decision making, product differentiation, and pricing.

Evaluation of Nutritional Content in Convenience Store Lunchboxes by Meal Type, Price, and Store Brand (편의점 도시락의 식단형태별, 가격대별, 편의점 브랜드별 영양성분 함량 평가)

  • Park, Jin-Seon;Han, Young-Hee;Hyun, Taisun
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.280-290
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    • 2020
  • Objectives: This study investigated the menu and nutritional contents of convenience store lunchboxes, and evaluated the nutritional content by meal type, price, and store brand. Methods: In September 2019, 93 convenience store lunchboxes from the top five franchise stores were purchased. Relevant information on price, food weight, food ingredients, cooking methods, and nutrition labeling were subsequently collected. Nutritional content was evaluated based on the daily value (DV) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ), and energy contribution of carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat and sugar was compared with the recommended range. Results: Most lunchboxes included the food groups; grains/starches, meats/fish/eggs/legumes, and vegetables. However, none provided fruits, and only a few lunchboxes provided milk/milk products. Stir-frying, deep-frying, and pan-frying were the most frequent methods of cooking. The average energy content of the lunchboxes was 736.6 kcal, whereas the average contents of protein, fat and saturated fat were higher than 40% of the DV, and sodium content was 66.8% of the DV. The contents of most nutrients in traditional type lunchboxes were higher, as compared to nutrients in onedish type lunchboxes. Considering pricing of lunchboxes, protein and sodium contents were higher in the higher-priced lunchboxes as compared to lower-priced lunchboxes, but there were no differences in the INQs. The contents of energy, protein, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol significantly differed by brand. Conclusions: Our results indicate that convenience store lunchboxes contain high levels of protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium. The nutritional contents differed by meal type, price, and store brand, and higher price did not imply higher nutritional quality. We propose the need to educate consumers to check nutrition labels and purchase appropriate lunchboxes. Manufacturers also need to make efforts to reduce the amounts of fat, saturated fat, and sodium, and not provide protein in excess.

Development of the Urinal of Emotional Type with Screen converging with Public Culture. (공공문화와 융합된 감성형 영상 소변기 개발)

  • Choi, Tae-Ok;Lee, Ga-Yeon
    • Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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    • v.8 no.7
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    • pp.191-198
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    • 2017
  • This study offers the possibility of a new integrated product of video technology and public culture content. The Development of 'the Urinal of Emotional Type with Screen' will introduce a new sanitary pottery product and it will be a new attempt to combine hygiene pottery product with high-tech electronic product. It is a product development idea that presents the new marketability of the sanitary pottery product with the improvement of awareness of the restroom and the idea of wit through public information notification and advertisement effect. For the commercialization of the product, the prototype will be made through a separate production process with the design of this project, through 3D rendering, 3D mockup and so on. Various product expansions can be consulted with manufacturers after that. It is a new approach of image making with high quality and differentiated pricing strategy, that targeting small-scale business, such as franchise coffee shops and liquor stores with high quality and differentiated pricing strategy, and it will lead the market trend with various marketing availability through differentiated video contents.

Game Theoretic Cache Allocation Scheme in Wireless Networks (게임이론 기반 무선 통신에서의 캐시 할당 기법)

  • Le, Tra Huong Thi;Kim, Do Hyeon;Hong, Choong Seon
    • Journal of KIISE
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    • v.44 no.8
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    • pp.854-859
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    • 2017
  • Caching popular videos in the storage of base stations is an efficient method to reduce the transmission latency. This paper proposes an incentive proactive cache mechanism in the wireless network to motivate the content providers (CPs) to participate in the caching procedure. The system consists of one/many Infrastructure Provider (InP) and many CPs. The InP aims to define the price it charges the CPs to maximize its revenue while the CPs compete to determine the number of files they cache at the InP's base stations (BSs). We conceive this system within the framework of Stackelberg game where InP is considered as the leader and CPs are the followers. By using backward induction, we show closed form of the amount of cache space that each CP renting on each base station and then solve the optimization problem to calculate the price that InP leases each CP. This is different from the existing works in that we consider the non-uniform pricing scheme. The numerical results show that InP's profit in the proposed scheme is higher than in the uniform pricing.

The Relationship between Green Marketing and Firm Reputation: Evidence from Content Analysis

  • WOO, Eun-Jung
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.455-463
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    • 2021
  • The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between firm's green marketing approach and firm's reputation improvement among customers. To investigate the object of the current study and provides adequate material to fill a gap in the literature, the current author collected abundant textual data from numerous extant literature. Because the author needed to augment about reliability and validity, textual data from trusted peer-reviewed sources was obtained from numerous databases. Based on a large body of literature, this study suggests that companies have to declare their stand based on their positioning to safeguard their reputation as an entity and that of its products and services. The five components of a company adopting a recognized environmental marketing strategy include product strategy, demand strategy, pricing strategy, distribution strategy, and labeling strategy Thus, firms' environmental marketing strategies have to be designed with the complete intent of transformation as a solution to enhance their reputation. The current study concludes that the comparison of environmental marketing strategies does not correctly help in ranking the concern in an effective way, and describe the exact details needed in each of the five categories for a company to carry its operations in a sustainable fashion.

Factors Influencing Subscribers' Voluntary Payment Behavior on an Online News Site: Focusing on the Role of Appreciation (온라인 뉴스 사이트에서 독자의 자발적 구독료 지불행위에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구: 공감의 역할을 중심으로)

  • Lee, Hyoung-Joo;Rhee, Hosung Timothy;Yang, Sung-Byung
    • Knowledge Management Research
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.1-17
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    • 2013
  • As online communities proliferate, online news sites have received great attention in news media research. Although most of the online news sites provide contents for free, some have adopted the Pay-What-You-Want (PWYW) model by offering a voluntary payment option to the readers. In this study, we investigate the factors which influence subscribers' voluntary payment behavior on an online news site. Drawing upon both the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) framework and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), we hypothesize that appreciation has a direct effect on the subscribers' voluntary payment behavior, whereas central factors (positive emotional content, cognitive content) and peripheral factors (news sharing, news article length) of the news articles have indirect impacts on voluntary payment behavior through the enhanced appreciation. Based on an empirical analysis of 172 news articles from the Korean online news site that adopted the PWYW pricing model (i.e., Ohmynews.com), we find that appreciation plays a critical role in voluntary payment behavior and that peripheral factors have significant impacts on appreciation. However, the impacts of central factors on appreciation are not found. By identifying influencing factors of subscribers' voluntary payment behavior on online news sites for the first time, this paper suggests a prospective alternative profit model for online news providers faced with fierce competition.

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Improvement of Milk Quality and Milk Pricing System (우유의 품질향상과 유대지불체계 개선)

  • Chung, Choong-ll
    • Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.30-38
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    • 2001
  • The most important task in Korean dairy industry is to keep the seasonal and annual balance of raw milk supply and demand. Too much surplus milk supply which causes dumping sale of market milk makes dairy industries get in trouble of management, and eventually affects to farmers and consumers economically. As balancing of supply and demand is so important in the fee economic market system, the adaption of the quota system of milk production and seasonal price differentiation has been recommended very often as a method of controlling the milk supply and demand. However, this recommendation did not go through successfully due to the strong objection of dairy farmers. Recently, the voice of consumer's requirement for safer and more hygienic, and high protein, low fat level dairy product is getting stronger. By knowledge of this kind changes, quality improvement in nutrients and hygiene is the most positive way to expand the volume of milk consumption. To meet the consumer's demand, therefore, it is necessary to revise the level of milk fat content and the hygienic grading system for the payment system of raw milk.

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