• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2012

To analyze any given situation, it is necessary to have information on elements which affect the situation. Particularly, there is greater variability in both frequency and magnitude of agricultural product prices as they are affected by various unpredictable factors such as weather conditions etc. This is the reason why it is difficult for the farmers to maintain their stable income through agricultural production and marketing. In this research, attempts are made to quantify the entropy of various situations inherent in the price changes so that the stability of farmers' income can be increased. Through this research, we developed an entropy model which can quantify the uncertainties of price changes using the probability distribution of price changes. The model was tested for its significance by comparing its simulation outcomes with actual ranges and standard deviations of price variations of the past using monthly agricultural product prices data. We confirmed that the simulation results reflected the features of the ranges and standard deviations of actual price variations. Also, it is possible for us to predict standard deviations for changed prices which will occur after a certain time using the information entropy obtained from relevant agricultural product price data before the time.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.81-96
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• 2016

This study analyzes how breach fee under long-term contract and/or cap regulation on the breach fee can affect the impacts of "Mobile Device Distribution Improvement Act" on handset bundle price, average revenue per unit (ARPU), and social welfare. We conduct comparative analysis with an economic model of duopoly competition in price when users are under long-term contract and the breach fee can be regulated. The results show that the Act lowers the equilibrium prices, lower than incumbent price without the Act. Price of non-dominant Mobile Network Operator (MNO) can be lower than poaching price without the Act if significant portion of switching cost is breach fee or the market is significantly asymmetric. Under the significant circumstances, the Act can raise ARPU even though it improves social welfare. By contrast, the Act increases consumer surplus without affecting social welfare if breach fee is the only source of user's switching cost and is capped by the regulation, and more symmetric market and the stronger cap leads to higher consumer surplus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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• 1999.12a
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• pp.21-25
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• 1999

Planning support systems(PSS) add more advanced spatial analysis functions than Geographic information systems(GIS) and intertemporal functions to the functions of spatial decision support systems(SDSS). This paper reports the continuing development of a PSS providing a framework that facilitates urban planners and civil engineers in conducting coherent deliberations about planning, design and operation & maintenance(O&M) of water-distribution networks for urban growth management. The PSS using dynamic optimization model, modeling-to-generate-alternatives, value engineering(VE) and life-cycle cost(LCC) can generate network alternatives in consideration of initial cost and O&H cost. Users can define alternatives by the direct manipulation of networks or by the manipulation of parameters in the models. The water-distribution network analysis model evaluates the performance of the user-defined alternatives. The PSS can be extended to include the functions of generating sewer network alternatives, combining water-distribution and sewer networks, eventually the function of planning, design and O&H of housing sites. Capacity expansion by the dynamic water-distribution network optimization model using MINLP includes three advantages over capacity expansion using optimal control theory(Kim and Hopkins 1996): 1) finds expansion alternatives including future capacity expansion times, sizes, locations, and pipe types of a water-distribution network provided, 2) has the capabilities to do the capacity expansion of each link spatially and intertemporally, and 3) requires less interaction between models. The modeling using MINLP is limited in addressing the relationship between cost, price, and demand, which the optimal control approach can consider. Strictly speaking, the construction and O&M costs of water-distribution networks influence the price charged for the served water, which in turn influence the. This limitation can be justified in rather small area because price per unit water in the area must be same as that of neighboring area, i.e., the price is determined administratively. Planners and engineers can put emphasis on capacity expansion without consideration of the relationship between cost, price, and demand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1056-1064
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• 2000

The aim of this paper was to look at distribution intensity of casual wear brand before and after IMF Management System. It also provides the guide to distribution design and reinforces the strategy of the brand of it. Since the firm especially in casual wear industry recently has had difficulty in how to decide and to select the distribution numbers in the domestic market. Based on the data in‘98 Korea Fashion Guide’and ‘Korean Fashion Brand Annual’, 78 brands had been analyzed with percentage, multiple regression. The results were as follows: In general, the lower the price of the product is and the higher the total sale is, the more intensive the distribution of the casual wear brand is before and after IMF Management System. The longer the launching period is, the more intensive the distribution of the casual wear industry is after IMF Management System. Besides, there is difference between the brand origins in the distribution intensity. In addition, two brand types were classified and tested. The distribution intensity of jean casual wear and uni-sex casual wear have related to the price after IMF and the total sale before and after IMF Management System while there is no relationship with the launching period before and after IMF Management System. The distribution intensity of the domestic brand have related to the price, and the total sale, while the foreign brand has a relationship with the total sale before and after IMF Management System. The foreign brand has related only to launching period after IMF Management System.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.169-194
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• 2016

This study aims to explain the cause of price differences of bi-national products based on consumer response of product type, distribution channel, and consumer nationality, respectively. Specifically this study investigated whether price discount and distribution channel affect consumer evaluation by luxury and non-luxury product type. In the case of bi-national product toward the non-luxury, price discount had positive influence on preference, regardless of distribution channel. By revealing the influence of price discount on bi-national products on consumer response of product type and distribution channel respectively, the study suggests meaningful implications for the strategic management of bi-national products.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.205-216
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• 1999

The aim of this study is to analyze the consumers perception of price and the economic benefit of shopping at the various discount-stores. We found that there is a significant difference between the real price level of discount-stores and the firms purporting discount level of their commodities. We also, found that there is a bias between the consumers perception of their monetary profit and the actual economic benefit. It's recommended that consumers should give objective judgement on price level of discount-stores and appreciate rationally the exact profit for them to take the advantage in their everyday life. To increase consumer welfare, it's desirable to improve labeling system on retail prices and regulations on distribution industry as well as the consumers perception of price and their profit level as mentioned above. Additionally, it should be followed that the business side build the consumer-oriented management system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.217-218
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• 2016

Domestic distribution warehouse has been developed as a strategic strategic point for inventory management and shipping of goods for companies. Warehouse is classified as distribution center, transport center, complex center depending on the role. Currently, at the same time it is considering the price factor such as rent price or land price and and logistical capabilities when considering the location of domestic warehouses. The price evaluation factors has specific methods for the evaluation but logistical elements is not currently clear. In this study, we have studied location selection of distribution center considering the logistical elements through expert surveys.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.17-37
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• 2024

In this study, the effect of Distribution efficiency through the fishery production base distribution center (FPC) on the production site board facility was studied. FPC is a new distribution system for Korean fishery products that has been promoted in earnest since 2012, and in this study, the effect before and after the introduction of FPC was analyzed using the DID (Difference in Difference) model for the effect of FPC in the fishery industry. The results of analysis shows that in the case of Wando Geumil FPC, the volume and unit price of consignment sales decreased during the analysis period, which was statistically significant. In the case of Sokcho FPC, the volume of consignment sales decreased during the analysis period, which was statistically insignificant. But the unit price of consignment sales rose during the analysis period, which was statistically significant. In the case of Gyeongju FPC, the volume of consignment sales increased during the analysis period, which was statistically significant at the 90% confidence level. But the unit price of consignment sales fell during the analysis period, which was statistically significant.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.105-133
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• 2011

Short Abstract: This study investigates the effects of price and other variables on consumers' purchasing decision for eco-friendly foods. This study pays particular attention to the effect of price that may influences consumers' decision to buy eco-friendly foods. The empirical findings are summarized as follows. First, the descriptive results of the survey show that "detailed explanation for the products," "distribution channel," "reliability of the labeling for eco-friendly foods" are more important than price and other factors. Second, the ordered logit analysis vindicates that such situational factors as number of children and existence of patient in the family are the most important variables to explain the degree of satisfaction level when considering the price level of eco-friendly foods. Finally, the results of the conjoint analysis indicate that consumers regard distribution channel as the most important factor, and reliability of labeling system and level of price position second and third, respectively. The present study concludes with suggesting some policy implications and directing future studies.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.59-78
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• 2010

This paper tries to apply the asymmetrical price transmission(APT) behavior observed in the agricultural industry to supply chains of the domestic fishery industry by a statistical manner. The fore mentioned asymmetrical price transmission refers to when price movements in the later stage of the supply chain do not move in a normal or symmetrical manner corresponding to price movements in the earlier stage of the supply chain. Therefore, when the earlier stage price increase and the later stage price increases to a larger degree, it is called positive(+) asymmetry and the opposite behavior is called negative(-) asymmetry. The study examines the data from domestic producers of three fresh fish types, hairtail, mackerel, and cuttlefish, and tries to examine the price asymmetry between the producer or farm, wholesaler, and retail prices via an APT test utilizing unit root, cointegration, and error correction model. The study found, hairtail wholesale and retail pricing bas a negative asymmetric relationship while mackerel has a negative asymmetric pricing relationship at the producer and retail levels of the supply chain. In the case of cuttlefish, all levels of the supply chain showed negative asymmetrical behavior in the supply chain price transmission, meaning the earlier stage price changes are more rapidly and greatly inputted in the later stage of the supply chain pricing. We believe that the reason why the analysis results show negative price asymmetry is due to the uniqueness of fishery products having an important variable such as freshness. If price increases are greater and quicker than price decreases, then consumer demand, which is sensitive to price increases will decrease and subsequently result in the increase of inventory levels, reducing profits for retailers. Also, frozen hairtail, mackerel, and cuttlefish will act as substitute goods to fresh fishery products. Therefore, fresh fishery products have a high demand of price elasticity. When prices increase, demand quickly decreases. Therefore the profit of wholesalers and retailers to decrease, I think this is the main reason of APT in the supply chain of Korea' s fisheries industry.