• Title/Summary/Keyword: Price Discrimination

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An Experimental Study on the Fashion Merchandising System-With special reference to the life-style of consumers and the Marketing strategy of the fashion industry- (패션 머천다이징 시스템 개발에 관한 실증적 연구 - 라이프스타일과 패션 의 마케팅 전략을 중심으로-)

  • 이호정
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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    • v.20
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    • pp.151-167
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    • 1993
  • The purpose of this study is to systematize the theory of the Fashion Marketing and merchandi-sing system as well as the strategy for the Mar-keting based on the related variable. Furthermore, this study deals with development of the mark-eting strategy to the relation between consumers and industry. The content conclusion on the research can be outlined as follows : 1. In order to inverstigate how the life-style of consumers affects their sense of fashion, awa-reness of brand, and decision making process of purchase, the life-style of women consumers is classified into 15 types. (1) Acording to the different life-style types, and important difference is found in the consum-ers' sense of clothes, a unique image of outfit and its own favorite image of womanliness. (2) The consumer's awareness of a particular brand has a reasonable relationship with their brand preference and possession of the brands. (3) Their is an important discrimination acco-rding to the life-style types in their brand awar-eness and preference and possesion of brands. (4) The consumers of each life-style type show noticeable difference in the decision making pro-cess of purchase including he motive of purchase, the source of information, the cause of purchase intention, price, the frequency of purchase and the degree of satisfaction of purchased goods. 2. The merchandising system and the market positioning among the fashion industry are compared and analyzed in the following terms ; (1-1) For the purpose of establishing the target market strategy, the industry uses unreasenalbe methods to analyze the life-style of the target customers and the real customers(36%) and the aging phenomenon of brands is remarkable : as much as 37% of brands show over 5 years-old age gap. (1-2) The price setting process depends highly on the cost-plus approach. (1-3) In color planning, too many colors are used in every season(the average number is 22.3) and the investigation of the consumers' favorite color is neglected. (1-4) The manufacturers of successful brands are much likely to employ the textile designer and allow them to develop the various fabrication. (1-5) The regular rate of sales in each season is extremely low(56.04%) : the rate of the succ-essful brands is relatively high at 65%, but that of the unsuccessful as low as 51%. (1-6) 47% of brands reveal the designer-orie-nted fashion merchandising system. The successful brands, on the other hand, show a high rate of merchandiser oriented system. (2) Since the brand positioning is highly cen-tered on each brand image, styles and target age, the new data are presented in this study for the new market development. (3) To set up the target market, the mapping of images between the differentiated market and the consumers is suggersted according to the market positioning of industry and 15 types of the life-styles of consumers.

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Study concerning the Scope of Merchandise under the U.S. Antidumping Law through Case (사례를 통한 미반덤핑법상 상품의 범위에 관한 연구)

  • Ha, Choong-Lyong;Han, Na-Hee
    • International Commerce and Information Review
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.265-286
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    • 2009
  • Dumping describes the practice of international price discrimination whereby a producer or exporter sells merchandise in an export market at less than fair value. The U.S. antidumping statutory framework is embodied in the Tariff Act of 1930. The Act states that "dumping" refers to the sale or likely sale of goods at less than fair value. 19 U.S.C. $\S$ 1677(34). The Commerce Department and the Commission are jointly responsible for administering the antidumping law. Commerce determines whether foreign merchandise is being sold in the United States at less than fair value, and the Commission determines whether a domestic industry producing a product like the imported merchandise has been materially injured or threatened with material injury by reason of imports of that product. Recently, in U.S. v. Eurodif, the Supreme Court held the question whether the Commerce can reasonably determin that foreign merchandise has been sold within the meaning of the antidumping law in U.S.. Should 19 U.S.C. Section 1673, which calls for "antidumping" duties on foreign goods, but not services, that sell at less than fair value in the U.S., apply to imported low enriched uranium? Yes. In a unanimous opinion written by Justice David H. Souter, the Supreme Court held that the Commerce Department's view of imported low enriched uranium, as the sale of goods rather than services, was permissible. It reasoned that, since 19 U.S.C. Section 1673 did not specify whether it applied to the production of low enriched uranium, it was left to the reasonable interpretation of the Commerce Department to determine. Accordingly, the Court found the Commerce Department interpreted the statute reasonably.

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Trend and Prospect of Rice Quality Evaluation (쌀의 품질평가 현황과 전망)

  • Kim Jae-Hyun;Lee Jung-Il;Youn Young-Hwan;Kim Je-Kyu;Hwang Hung-Goo;Moon Hun-Pal;Son Jong-Rok
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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    • 2002.05a
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    • pp.53-57
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    • 2002
  • Quality evaluation must be more developed in order to offer the sufficient information for producer, distribution centers buyer, consumer. There are many parameters which influence the rice quality and cooked rice. It is difficult to evaluate the quality of rice and cooked rice by only some parameters. In the case of rice quality evaluation in Korea, physicochemical inspection is performed by examining the minimum and maximum limits of brown rice recovery, moisture content, damaged kernel, and colored kernel as inspection standard. Marketing standard of rice defines the limits of perfect, white core and belly, colored, damaged kernels, and broken rice, classifying into special, excellent, and normal grades. As a research direction for the development of rice quality evaluation, establishment as parts of technical field, must be further developed as follows : more detailed measure of characters, search of unknown taste-related components, creation and grade classification of quality evaluation factors at each management stages of treatment after harvesting, evaluation as food material as well as cooking rice, method development for simple evaluation and establishment of equation for palatability. In the side of policy, the following concerns must be conducted: price discrimination in conformity to rice cultivar and grade under the basis of qualify evaluation method developed, fixation of head rice branding, and introduction of low temperature circulation.

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Development of CW Doppler Sensor Signal Processing Board for Motion Detection (움직임 감지를 위한 CW도플러 센서 신호처리 보드 개발)

  • Han, Byung-hun;Oh, Chang-heon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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    • 2015.05a
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    • pp.866-869
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, we propose a device for detect front object using low-price the CW Doppler sensor to prevent safety accident such as a bicycle, an electric wheelchair users. For this propose, we develop a signal process board and the object motion detect algorithm using to analyzing output signal of the CW Doppler sensor. Output signal from CW Doppler sensor is analog I and analog Q. The CW Doppler sensor shows phase I and phase Q of object differently when the object approach, stop, drop by sensor. We develop an algorithm that can detect object by discrimination information of phase using the CW Doppler sensor. The verification use firmware of applied hardware and algorithm. Then, the motion information can be confirming output depending on motion object by experiment normally. As a result, we check that the sensing information output by following motion of object and confirm an algorithm and motion of signal processing board.

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Plan of Jewelry Product Application Using Jewelry CAD and RP Equipment (주얼리CAD와 RP 장비를 이용한 주얼리제작 활용방안)

  • Kim, Moon-Bae
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.7 no.12
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    • pp.66-73
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    • 2007
  • The Jewelry-relation industry is being placed in the crises which are serious with depression of domestic market, design development and a major force absence also high labor cost charge. The consumers have the value of the price preparation maximum and product differentiation which they want. The Jewelry CAD and RP equipment shorten cost of production enterprise which depended hand-metal work provided for the various design and a rapid new product. But until now, it was necessary to the original work of best condition casting vacuum cycle as difficult with direct casting of synthetic resin from RP equipment. I intend to imply significance about through the CAD and RP equipment application result with it analyses, after jewelry CAD and RP work applicable to direct casting will be possible and able to through the casting vacuum cycle produce the product which is suitable in the original production. Through the this paper jewelry secures a quality improvement of the product and discrimination characteristic being various competitive power of design and provide a new base in product production.

A Study on the Discrimination and the Real State of High Calorie Foods with Low Nutrition Values in Children's Snacks sold within Green Food Zone

  • Lee, Seung-Sin;Yang, Deok-Soon;Lee, Jong-Hye;Lee, Young-Hee;Heo, Sun-Kyung
    • International Journal of Human Ecology
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.39-50
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    • 2011
  • This study surveys the state of 'children's snacks' sold within the Green Food Zone and that of High Calorie Foods with Low Nutrition Value (HCFLNV). The main purposes are the analyses of foods in accordance to KFDA Program for HCFLNV and an analysis of differences in HCFLNV that are dependent on relevant factors such as food types, school types, origins, the scale of manufacturing company, area and price. Based on the analyses, educational and political implications have been sought that will form nutritious dietary habits, contribute to the prevention of obesity, and improve health in child consumers. The methodologies of this study are literature studies and surveys. The results of this study can be summarized as following. First, the number of children's snacks is 517 items of total 645 gathered within 150 Green Food Zones. Candies are the most popular item, next are cookies, chocolates, and breads. Second, in the real state survey there are 186 HCFLNV (36.0%) among children's snacks sold within Green Food Zone. Based on the survey results, the marking of HCFLNV on the package of children's snacks and the extension of the ban of HCFLNV sales to all stores within the Green Food Zone are strongly suggested. This provides preliminary data related to children's snacks and food safety. With enforcement of the Special Act on the Safety Management of Children's Dietary Life, the rate of HCFLNV has decreased and the child snack product environment in stores has improved. However, it is necessary to supervise low-priced snacks and promote an awareness of HCFLNV along with the child consumer education of food safety is needed.

Smart IoT Home Data Analysis and Device Control Algorithm Using Deep Learning (딥 러닝 기반 스마트 IoT 홈 데이터 분석 및 기기 제어 알고리즘)

  • Lee, Sang-Hyeong;Lee, Hae-Yeoun
    • KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.103-110
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    • 2018
  • Services that enhance user convenience by using various IoT devices are increasing with the development of Internet of Things(IoT) technology. Also, since the price of IoT sensors has become cheaper, companies providing services by collecting and utilizing data from various sensors are increasing. The smart IoT home system is a representative use case that improves the user convenience by using IoT devices. To improve user convenience of Smart IoT home system, this paper proposes a method for the control of related devices based on data analysis. Internal environment measurement data collected from IoT sensors, device control data collected from device control actuators, and user judgment data are learned to predict the current home state and control devices. Especially, differently from previous approaches, it uses deep neural network to analyze the data to determine the inner state of the home and provide information for maintaining the optimal inner environment. In the experiment, we compared the results of the long-term measured data with the inferred data and analyzed the discrimination performance of the proposed method.

Investigation for Improving Local Police Uniforms and Bullet/Stab Proof Garments (지역경찰의 근무복 및 방탄·방검복 개선을 위한 실태조사)

  • Choi, Mi-Gyo;Jang, Jeong-Ah
    • Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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    • v.21 no.5
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    • pp.665-676
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    • 2019
  • This study provides basic data for future design proposals aimed at improving the uniforms and bullet/stab proof garments of local police. An analysis was conducted on various aspects of the uniforms used until 2015 and those newly introduced in 2016. Current bullet/stab proof garments were compared with old stab proof garments; in addition, police force posting on the internal SNS were analyzed in regards to the improvement needs for uniforms. Analyses results are as follows. As for the uniforms, convenience was improved by eliminating the necktie, and the four trigrams embroidery was added to emphasize the Korean identity. Cargo-style pants were added for enhanced activity, and the color of the top was changed to turquoise to improve discrimination. In terms of material, durable polyester was used heavily in outside uniforms that were likely to be damaged during work; consequently, the percentage of elastic materials was increased for improved activity. The price showed a high increase rate due to inflation and the use of functional new materials. Complaints and demands for improvement continued despite various modifications made to uniforms and suggested a strong need for further improvements that reflected the opinions of wearers. As for the protective garments, there was a limit to reducing the final weight despite the use of lightweight material because of protection performance enhancements made from expanding the protection surface area. Also, considering further decrease in supply rate, it was deemed necessary to secure budget for full supply of bullet/stab proof garments.

The Impact of Market Environments on Optimal Channel Strategy Involving an Internet Channel: A Game Theoretic Approach (시장 환경이 인터넷 경로를 포함한 다중 경로 관리에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 게임 이론적 접근방법)

  • Yoo, Weon-Sang
    • Journal of Distribution Research
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    • v.16 no.2
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    • pp.119-138
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    • 2011
  • Internet commerce has been growing at a rapid pace for the last decade. Many firms try to reach wider consumer markets by adding the Internet channel to the existing traditional channels. Despite the various benefits of the Internet channel, a significant number of firms failed in managing the new type of channel. Previous studies could not cleary explain these conflicting results associated with the Internet channel. One of the major reasons is most of the previous studies conducted analyses under a specific market condition and claimed that as the impact of Internet channel introduction. Therefore, their results are strongly influenced by the specific market settings. However, firms face various market conditions in the real worlddensity and disutility of using the Internet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of various market environments on a firm's optimal channel strategy by employing a flexible game theory model. We capture various market conditions with consumer density and disutility of using the Internet.

    shows the channel structures analyzed in this study. Before the Internet channel is introduced, a monopoly manufacturer sells its products through an independent physical store. From this structure, the manufacturer could introduce its own Internet channel (MI). The independent physical store could also introduce its own Internet channel and coordinate it with the existing physical store (RI). An independent Internet retailer such as Amazon could enter this market (II). In this case, two types of independent retailers compete with each other. In this model, consumers are uniformly distributed on the two dimensional space. Consumer heterogeneity is captured by a consumer's geographical location (ci) and his disutility of using the Internet channel (${\delta}_{N_i}$).
    shows various market conditions captured by the two consumer heterogeneities.
    (a) illustrates a market with symmetric consumer distributions. The model captures explicitly the asymmetric distributions of consumer disutility in a market as well. In a market like that is represented in
    (c), the average consumer disutility of using an Internet store is relatively smaller than that of using a physical store. For example, this case represents the market in which 1) the product is suitable for Internet transactions (e.g., books) or 2) the level of E-Commerce readiness is high such as in Denmark or Finland. On the other hand, the average consumer disutility when using an Internet store is relatively greater than that of using a physical store in a market like (b). Countries like Ukraine and Bulgaria, or the market for "experience goods" such as shoes, could be examples of this market condition. summarizes the various scenarios of consumer distributions analyzed in this study. The range for disutility of using the Internet (${\delta}_{N_i}$) is held constant, while the range of consumer distribution (${\chi}_i$) varies from -25 to 25, from -50 to 50, from -100 to 100, from -150 to 150, and from -200 to 200.
    summarizes the analysis results. As the average travel cost in a market decreases while the average disutility of Internet use remains the same, average retail price, total quantity sold, physical store profit, monopoly manufacturer profit, and thus, total channel profit increase. On the other hand, the quantity sold through the Internet and the profit of the Internet store decrease with a decreasing average travel cost relative to the average disutility of Internet use. We find that a channel that has an advantage over the other kind of channel serves a larger portion of the market. In a market with a high average travel cost, in which the Internet store has a relative advantage over the physical store, for example, the Internet store becomes a mass-retailer serving a larger portion of the market. This result implies that the Internet becomes a more significant distribution channel in those markets characterized by greater geographical dispersion of buyers, or as consumers become more proficient in Internet usage. The results indicate that the degree of price discrimination also varies depending on the distribution of consumer disutility in a market. The manufacturer in a market in which the average travel cost is higher than the average disutility of using the Internet has a stronger incentive for price discrimination than the manufacturer in a market where the average travel cost is relatively lower. We also find that the manufacturer has a stronger incentive to maintain a high price level when the average travel cost in a market is relatively low. Additionally, the retail competition effect due to Internet channel introduction strengthens as average travel cost in a market decreases. This result indicates that a manufacturer's channel power relative to that of the independent physical retailer becomes stronger with a decreasing average travel cost. This implication is counter-intuitive, because it is widely believed that the negative impact of Internet channel introduction on a competing physical retailer is more significant in a market like Russia, where consumers are more geographically dispersed, than in a market like Hong Kong, that has a condensed geographic distribution of consumers.
    illustrates how this happens. When mangers consider the overall impact of the Internet channel, however, they should consider not only channel power, but also sales volume. When both are considered, the introduction of the Internet channel is revealed as more harmful to a physical retailer in Russia than one in Hong Kong, because the sales volume decrease for a physical store due to Internet channel competition is much greater in Russia than in Hong Kong. The results show that manufacturer is always better off with any type of Internet store introduction. The independent physical store benefits from opening its own Internet store when the average travel cost is higher relative to the disutility of using the Internet. Under an opposite market condition, however, the independent physical retailer could be worse off when it opens its own Internet outlet and coordinates both outlets (RI). This is because the low average travel cost significantly reduces the channel power of the independent physical retailer, further aggravating the already weak channel power caused by myopic inter-channel price coordination. The results implies that channel members and policy makers should explicitly consider the factors determining the relative distributions of both kinds of consumer disutility, when they make a channel decision involving an Internet channel. These factors include the suitability of a product for Internet shopping, the level of E-Commerce readiness of a market, and the degree of geographic dispersion of consumers in a market. Despite the academic contributions and managerial implications, this study is limited in the following ways. First, a series of numerical analyses were conducted to derive equilibrium solutions due to the complex forms of demand functions. In the process, we set up V=100, ${\lambda}$=1, and ${\beta}$=0.01. Future research may change this parameter value set to check the generalizability of this study. Second, the five different scenarios for market conditions were analyzed. Future research could try different sets of parameter ranges. Finally, the model setting allows only one monopoly manufacturer in the market. Accommodating competing multiple manufacturers (brands) would generate more realistic results.

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  • The Market Segmentation of Coffee Shops and the Difference Analysis of Consumer Behavior: A Case based on Caffe Bene (커피전문점의 시장세분화와 소비자행동 차이 분석 : 카페베네 사례를 중심으로)

    • Yu, Jong-Pil;Yoon, Nam-Soo
      • Journal of Distribution Science
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      • v.9 no.4
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      • pp.5-13
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      • 2011
    • This study provides analysis of the effectiveness of domestic marketing strategies of the Korean coffee shop "Caffe Bene". It bases its evaluation on statistical outputs of 'choice attributes,' "market segmentation," demographic characteristics," and "satisfaction differences." The results are summarized in four points. First, five choice attributes were extracted from factor analysis: price, atmosphere, comfort, taste, and location; these are related to coffee shop selection behavior. Based on these five factors, cluster analysis was conducted, with statistical results classifying customers into three major groups: atmosphere oriented; comfort oriented; and taste oriented. Second, discriminant analysis tested cluster analysis and showed two discriminant functions: location and atmosphere. Third, cross-tabulation analysis based on demographic characteristics showed distinctive demographic characteristics within the three groups. Atmosphere oriented group, early-20s, as women of all ages was found to be 'walking down the street 'and 'through acquaintances' in many cases, as the cognitive path, and mostly found the store through 'outdoor advertising', and 'introduction'. Comfort oriented group was mainly women who are students in their early twenties or professionals, and appeared as a group to be very loyal because of high recommendation to other customers compared to other groups. Taste oriented group, unlike the other group, was mainly late-20s' college graduates, and was confirmed, as low loyalty, with lower recommendation activity. Fourth, to analyze satisfaction differences, one-way ANOVA was conducted. It shows that groups which show high satisfaction in the five main factors also show high menu satisfaction and high overall satisfaction. This results show that segmented marketing strategies are necessary because customers are considering price, atmosphere, comfort, taste, location when they choose coffee shop and demographics show different attributes based on segmented groups. For example, atmosphere oriented group is satisfied with shop interior and comfort while dissatisfied with price because most of the customers in this group are early 20s and do not have great financial capability. Thus, price discounting marketing strategies based on individual situations through CRM system is critical. Comfort oriented group shows high satisfaction level about location and shop comfort. Also, in this group, there are many early 20s female customers, students, and self-employed people. This group customers show high word of mouth tendency, hence providing positive brand image to the customers would be important. In case of taste oriented group, while the scores of taste and location are high, word of mouth score is low. This group is mainly composed of educated and professional many late 20s customers, therefore, menu differentiation, increasing quality of coffee taste and price discrimination is critical to increase customers' satisfaction. However, it is hard to generalize the results of study to other coffee shop brand, because this study have researched only one domestic coffee shop, Caffe Bene. Thus if future study expand the scope of locations, brands, and occupations, the results of the study would provide more generalizable results. Finally, research of customer satisfactions of menu, trust, loyalty, and switching cost would be critical in the future study.

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