• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.165-183
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• 1996

In acquiring and transferring a superior knowledge assesing the intermediate result value of a competitive R&D project is very important for a firm engaging in R&D. Most existing literatures on R&D evaluation are concerned with project selection and resource allocation. In this paper the stage of an R&D project is classified into research, exploratory development, and development. And a model is suggested which evaluates the intermediate result value before completion of development stage under duopoly and oligopolistic competition. Assessed value of the intermediate result transferred to the next tier company can be used as a minimum acceptable price to the inventor when more advanced knowledge acquired through R&D is transferred to the next tier one. The model suggested is composed of structural variables including research cost, success rates, potential profits, discount rate degree of competition. By using exponential distribution for invertion process time in each stage, we derive a formula that can assess the value of the intermediate result, and we demonstrate how the model can be applied to a competitive R&D situation through an example.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.550-564
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to investigate the consumer's claims related to clothing merchandise. By th origination stage of claims, details of claims, and treatments of claims purchasing places of clothing merchandise, the consumer's claims are analyzed which were lodged to in consumer's complaint center, Seoul YWCA, in 1981-1990. To analyze these data statistically, frequency and percentile are used. The results of analysis for consumer's claims are as next : 1. Concerning the sex distinction, female complainers are more than male complainers. About the age bracket, twenties and thirties are the most numerous. The originations of claims being various. It is laundry and dry cleaning stage out of them that rank first, and total numbers of claims for clothing products continually have increased during 1981-1990. Out of the clothing items, outerwears are of the first rank and formal wear and coat are highest in rank of outerwears. For claims about purchasing places, agency ranked first and market, department store, custome-made and discount store came after in order. 2. Concerning the contents, quality of clothing product ranks first, inferior service, price, contrast, unfair transaction ranks in order. There are claims about quality of clothing product that color change ranks first and damage and form change rank in order. 3. The treatments of claims are that counsel, exchange, refund, repair and correction rank in order.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2014

Tour products have been recognized as a perishable asset. For tour operation companies (TOCs), improving profitability is a core decision problem for their business. Since package tour products, typical products of TOCs, are perishable after the tour was departed, TOCs have been tried to increase their sales before the departure date with various marketing strategies including price discounts. The pricing problem for perishable assets have been studied in Revenue Management for a long time. However, it is hard to find a research on pricing decisions for tour products. In this paper, we focus on a pricing problem for tour products. In particular, we will consider the pricing scheme with customer preference values on purchasing conditions. With conjoint analysis, we can use the part-worth value as a preference value for each level of purchasing conditions. To construct various discount prices, we use an enumeration method and suggest a mathematical optimization model. With experimental analysis for a sample tour package, we will show that our pricing process is very helpful for designing customer-oriented pricing decision.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.919-925
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of customers' perceived risks on their perception of value at family restaurants in Seoul. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, multiple-regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. The customers' perceived risk were divided into 6 factors. Three of the perceived risk factors(financial, time, performance risk) negatively(-) influenced the perception of value. In particular, 'financial risk' was the most negative. However, 3 factors(physical risk, psychological risk, social risk) didn't have significant influence on perceived risk. As a result, customers of family restaurants appear to perceive various risks, and these risks have significant impacts on their perception of value. Therefore, food-service corporations need to reduce customers' perceived risks, possibly by various and efficient pricing-policies, discount, price-bundling, using coupon, effective physical evidence and offering unique compensation.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.27-45
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• 2006

On this research, we classified Korean consumers into several comsumer groups based on the different decision-making process they endorse, and then investigated the difference among these consumer groups in frequency, expenditure, satisfaction in using different types of retail stores. For this research, we have surveyed consumers dwelling in Seoul and in near-Seoul areas in 2004. The following is the summary of the main results. First, 'enjoy shopping' group showed a high expenditure rate in department store shopping and internet shopping, whereas 'impulsive decision' group more frequently visited traditional market places, 'fashion pursuing' group and 'enjoy shopping' group visited department stores more frequently than traditional market places. Second, 'impulsive decision' group assessed that the traditional market place offers better price and quality. Also 'impulsive decision' group and 'enjoy shopping' group assessed positively on the AS provided by department stores, and assessed negatively on the AS provided by internet shopping malls. Finally, 'fashion pursuer' group preferred buying foods from traditional market places, while 'brand seeker' group and 'fashion pursuer' group preferred buying clothes from discount stores. While 'enjoy shopping' group showed a high preference in buying clothes in department stores, 'rational decision-making' group showed a low preference in buying clothes in department stores.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.112-128
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• 2017

This study aimed to find the influence with the moderating effects of brand credibility and the mediating effect of brand attitude from the relationship of Loss-Leader marketing factors, brand attitude and revisit intention to make management strategies and provide basic materials for the future restaurant industry. From the findings in this study, only limited sales strategy in the Loss-Leader marketing factors had a positive effect on revisit intention. Both Limited Sales and Price Discount Strategy in the Loss-Leader marketing factors had positive effects on the brand attitude, while Plus Pack strategy had a negative effect on the brand attitude. Also, the brand credibility has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between the Loss-Leader marketing factors and the brand attitude, and the brand attitude has a significant effect on revisit intention. The results indicated that these findings would be basic materials for Loss-Leader marketing factors and related studies in the future. In addition, this study suggests good implications in establishing and using the effective marketing management strategies in the restaurant industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.4 s.163
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• pp.563-573
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• 2007

This study attempted to understand the addictive internet buying tendencies and how self-esteem, materialism, and self-control influenced the addictive internet tendencies and how those variables affected those when people receive marketing promotions on internet shopping mall. A total 883 cases were collected as data through internet survey on the consumers who had purchased fashion products. Internet fashion buyers were classified into high-purchasing, low-purchasing, and non-purchasing groups. These groups were showing differences among self·esteem, materialism, and self-control. High purchasing group was showing low self-esteem and self·control and high materialism than others. Variables that affect addictive buying tendencies of internet fashion product were shown accordingly brand promotion, materialism, web display promotion, and self-esteem. Marketing promotions were contributed more on the internet addictive buying tendencies than consumers' socio-psychological variables. So as to induce rational buying behavior, excessive product promotion and discount price promotion should be reduced.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.9-13
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• 2019

The paper aims to investigate the performance of domestic Saudi Arabian ETFs. ETFs are investment vehicles in vogue. These instruments were the first levers for investors allowing them to enter some markets that have been highly protected or out of reach. Saudi Arabia, which has been promoted as an emerging country by MSCI, seeks to attract more foreign investors. The first ETFs were launched in the years 2010-2011. Even though their number has not increased since then, there is a desire to attract a large number of investors. We use premiums/discounts analysis, standard risk-return models, and tracking errors measurements to assess how closely their replicate the underlying benchmark based on monthly data. The results indicate that out of the three funds investigated two are slightly traded at premium, while the latter exhibit a price discount. However, tracking errors are at minimum for all funds suggesting that they track well the benchmark index. Further, the Jensen's model shows that alphas are negative or null, and betas capture largely the systematic risk which is consistent with index investing strategies. Finally, traditional risk-adjusted measures of performance are used to compare ETFs, and results exhibit negative ratios showing that portfolios achieve lower return than the risk-free rate.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.966-981
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• 2018

Consumers' desire for beauty has become a driving force in the beauty service industry which was further developed through specialization and segmentation. Nail-care service, which is one of the beauty services, is showing rapid growth, and intense competition among salons has become apparent. Thus, service management method and marketing strategy are required for customer satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, we tried to classify the nail-care services on the basis of systematization and realization of its characteristics which are fundamental when developing management and marketing strategies. The subjects of this study were women in their 20s and above living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas. As a result, the nail-care service factors are classified as "external environment" (interior, celebrity, newness), "internal environment" (equipment and products, cleanliness, and environment), "location" (location and transportation convenience), "reputation" (good reputation), "technician skill," "kindness," "relationship" (relationship, empathy, and affinity), and "price and discount." The consumer types of nail-care services were classified into three groups according to the degree of involvement of these concept systems. These results can be used as marketing basics and will be the basis for studying marketing strategies. However, the consideration of setting up a marketing strategy for each consumer type will be presented in a follow-up study.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.21-30
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• 2023

Purpose: Focusing on the role of the special contract to collaborate the supply chain operations, this study investigates how the revenue sharing contract affects the performance of Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI). Research design, data, and methodology: The optimization model is formulated to represent two stage supply chain system where the supplier and retailer manage the operations to maximize their own profits. Three supply chain models including the traditional system, VMI, and VMI with revenue sharing contract are compared in the numerical examples. Results: According to the numerical analysis, the entire supply chain system has greater profit under VMI than the traditional system, while VMI alone sacrifices the supplier's profit. With the proper sets of revenue share ratio and wholesale price discount rate, VMI with revenue sharing contract results in the increased profit for both supplier and retailer compared with VMI alone as well as the traditional system. Conclusions: The numerical examples imply that VMI, when it is combined with the revenue sharing contract, can be the effective collaboration program that satisfies every supply chain member. To make VMI with revenue sharing contract to be fair to all supply chain members, they need to agree on the appropriate contract content.