• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기기기 및 에너지변환시스템부문
• /
• pp.223-225
• /
• 2008

In order to apply SFCLs into electric power systems, the urgent issues to be settled are as follows, such as initial installation price, operation and maintenance cost due to ac loss of superconductor and the life of cryostat, and high voltage and high current problems. We designed novel hybrid SFCLs which combine superconductor and conventional electric equipments including a vacuum interrupter, an electro-magnetic contactor and a current limiting reactor. The main purpose of the hybrid SFCL is to drastically reduce total usage of superconductor by adopting current commutation method by use of the superconductor and the fast switch. According to protective coordination and performance, we investigated two concepts of Hybrid SFCLs. First is a half cycle fault current limitation type and second is a non-half cycle fault current limitation type. We concluded that the non-half cycle fault current limitation type is batter than the other.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.667-674
• /
• 2013

Wind power producers face many regulation costs in deregulated environment, which remarkably lowers the value of wind power in comparison with conventional sources. One of these costs is associated with the real-time variation of power output and being paid in frequency control market according to the variation band. This paper presents a new approach to coordination of battery energy storage in wind generation system for reducing the payment in frequency control market. The approach depends on the statistic data of wind generation and the prediction of frequency control market price to determine the optimal variation band which is then kept by the real-time charging and discharging of batteries, ultimately the minimum cost of frequency regulation can be obtained. The optimization problem is formulated as trade-off between the decrease in the regulation payment and the increase in the cost of using battery, and vice versus. The approach is applied to a study case and the results of simulation show its effectiveness.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제43권11호
• /
• pp.1766-1773
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 학교급식 수산물 식재료의 적절한 가격 결정을 위하여 공급업체와의 계약, 납품 현황 및 수산물 식재료의 사용 현황과 수산물 식재료 가격 인식, HACCP 적용 편익에 따른 영양(교)사의 가격 인식을 조사하였다. 대부분의 학교(96.5%)가 수산물 전문 취급업체로부터 납품받는 것으로 조사되었다. 납품 시 계약 위반을 경험한 학교가 42.1%였고, 특히 빙의로 인한 무게 감소를 이유로 반품 및 교환을 한 학교가 총 89곳(60.1%)인 것으로 나타났다. 현재 공급되는 수산물 식재료에 대한 만족도는 '제품의 가격', '제품의 품질', '원산지 진위'에 대한 항목에서 수의계약으로 납품되는 수산물이 경쟁입찰방식으로 공급되는 식재료보다 유의적으로 높아(P<0.05) 계약방법에 따른 수산물 식재료의 만족도는 차이가 있었다. 응답자들의 재계약 의도 또한 경쟁입찰로 선정된 공급업체보다 수의계약으로 선정된 공급업체에 대해 유의적으로 높게 인식하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.001). 학교급식 수산물 식재료의 가격요소 반영 정도는 '이윤($5.96{\pm}1.15$)'과 'HACCP 지정 및 유지 비용($5.57{\pm}1.40$)' 항목이 현재 납품되는 수산물 가격에 가장 크게 반영되는 요소로 인식하고 있었다. 반면 향후 수산물 식재료 가격 산정에 가장 많이 반영되어야 한다고 응답한 요소는 'HACCP 지정 및 유지 비용($5.29{\pm}1.39$)'이고, 가장 낮게 반영되어야 한다고 인식된 요소가 '이윤($4.12{\pm}1.12$)'인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 '가공비용'을 제외한 나머지 5개 가격요소 모두 현재 가격 반영 정도와 향후 기대 가격 반영정도 간의 유의적인 차이가 있는 것으로 조사되었다(P<0.05). HACCP 지정 수산물 식재료 구매 시 미지정 제품에 비해 얼마나 비용을 추가적으로 지불할 의사가 있는가에 대한 응답은 9.9%의 응답자를 제외한 대부분의 응답자들이 추가 지불 의사가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 수산물은 산지에서 수확되는 생산량과 어획 시기에 따른 물량 확보의 가변성으로 시장 가격에 대한 객관성이 부족하다. 특히 학교급식에 납품되는 수산물 식재료의 가격은 재래시장이나 할인점 등에서 임의로 조사된 근거에 따라 전자입찰 예정가격이 산정되는 문제점도 있을 것으로 사료되어 수산물 식재료의 가격산정과 관련하여 구매방법 전반에 대하여 논의가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 수산물 식재료의 가격 산정에 대한 소비자 측면에서의 가격 인식과 수산물 식재료의 구매에 관한 정보를 제공함으로써 학교급식에서 양질의 수산물을 공급하고, 합리적인 수산물 가격 결정을 통해 수산물의 소비를 촉진하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.91-102
• /
• 1979

The basic problem of the broiler industry is that of fluctuating prices, mainly thanks to unstable supply of and inelastic demand for products as usually indicated as a peculiarity of agricultural commodities. This particularly brings the producer to a great economic risk, because he has to sell products under the condition of pure competition, whereas others from whom he has to buy deal under the condition of oligopoly or even monopoly. Therefore, producers economic position is generally placed in the worst comparing others dealing with, which results in unbalanced economic status of elements involved in broiler operation and further obstruction of industry development as a whole. A certain type of business coordination to overcome such a problem should be measured in order to improve the efficiency of entire operation and thus assure the balanced industry development. The concept of the economic integration developed in modern business system had been adapted to U.S. poultry industry which became common later around the world as a means of stabilizing producers price and whole industry as well. There are two main typos of integration; horizontal and vertical The former refers to the general grouping of similar business units, eg. a hatchery tying with other hatchery, while the latter refers to the knitting together of two or more stages of economic activities, eg. tying together among units of hatching, fled milling, production, processing and marketing. By having the industry integrated, risk and uncertainty involved in various stages of operation could be diversified. The typo of integrating contract between producers and integrators include the share of profits, flat fee payment, feed conversion payment and salary basis. In the U.S., extensive changes in production, processing, and marketing during the last few decades have changed the thicken broiler industry from one of small, widely scattered farms to one that is largo, concentrated and efficient. More than 99 percent of all broilers produced are grown under contract and by integrated firms which vary in size of operation and complexity. About 84 percent of all production is concentrated in 10 States. Some of the other factors ;hat contributed to these choses arc costs, energy use, prices, processing, marketing and demand. No integrated broiler production system has yet been applied in Korea's poultry industry, thus all stages all broiler operation run independently seeking for its own profit. Consequently, producers price fluctuate very widely around the year even more than 50 percent in a few months. This also leads to disadvantages of material supplies, processors and distributors and enforce the industry unstable. The current economic environment in Korea seems that the time for broiler integration comes and as an ideal integrator, feed millers, food processors and producers group may be considered.

• 한국패션뷰티학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate consumers' knowledge and preference towards functional cosmetics. Through the beauty advisors' surveys, their own selling styles and consumer behaviors recognized by beauty advisors were analyzed. It was intended to help extend and strengthen the functional cosmetic market which has continued to grow rapidly since the approved goods under cosmetic law in 2001. For this study, the data was collected through questionnaires the professional consumer counselors confirmed from Korean women over the age. of twenty old living in the Seoul and Kyoungki areas. After pre-research was implemented on 45 women, 328 samples were analyzed as final samples. In addition,46 samples, which were collected through the questionnaires from beauty advisors were analyzed. Samples were analyzed by frequency, percentage, T-test, ANOVA using the SPSS program. The results of study were as follows: First consumers recognized whether functional cosmetics or not. According to the beauty advisor's surveys, consumers regard the functional cosmetic boundary as being wider than real functional cosmetic boundary according to cosmetic law. So, there is a gap between consumers' opinions and real law. Second, regarding the purchasing channels, the largest channel is the cosmetic store. As far as consumers are concerned the most important factor when buying cosmetics, is the suitability of their own skin types. The second factor is product quality and the third factor is price. Functional cosmetics non-experienced group are more concerned with price compared to experienced group. Related to purchasing products, functional cosmetics experienced group buy set products compared to non-experienced group buy one product. Third, the ultraviolet filter cosmetics portion is the largest in the functional cosmetics market the second largest portion is bleaching cosmetics and the third largest portion is the anti-senility cosmetics. However, Most preferred by consumers is the anti-senility cosmetics. Moreover, preference for ultraviolet filter cosmetics is the least. Finally, the level of satisfaction for functional cosmetics is high and dissatisfaction is low. Consumers feel that beauty advisors are simply pushing high priced products without recognizing the consumers' real needs. In conclusion, to develop the functional cosmetic market continually in the future, it needs to extend various products and advertise them until consumers are more aware.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.827-858
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 효과적인 국제 환경협약을 지속시키기 위해 소위, 자기 강제적인 협력체제 구축이 가능한 게임이론적 분석틀을 제시한다. 모델은 본질적으로 전략적 성향을 추구하는 각 국 정부의 환경 정책(본 논문에서는 배출허가 규범의 예를 고려함)이 추진되는 과정에서 어떻게 지속가능한 국제 환경협약이행을 위한 규칙이 계획될 수 있는지 분석한다. 특별히 최근 무한 반복적 게임이론의 연구 성과를 바탕으로, 본 연구는 이기적으로 행동하는 주권국가들이 일시적 이익을 위해 국제 협약을 위배하지 않고 지속적으로 그리고 협력적으로 그것을 위지시킬 수 있는 주요 메커니즘을 소개하는데 중점을 둔다. 현실적으로 국제 환경문제가 협약에 참가하는 국가들 뿐만 아니라 비회원국들에게도 외부효과가 미칠 수 있으며, 회원국 상호간에도 협약 이행에 관한 확실한 정보가 교환되지 못하는 경우를 고려하는 모델도 분석의 대상에 포함되었다. 이러한 경우, 모델의 균형 벡터를 구성하는 임계할인율, 유인가격수준, 그리고 협약위반에 따른 처벌 기간 등의 도출 과장이 간략히 논의된다.

• 한국전자거래학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.109-126
• /
• 2020

본 연구에서는 디지털화폐 및 화폐변천과 관련된 문헌들에 대한 내용분석과 분석적 서술을 통해 디지털화폐의 특성을 알아보고, 시대에 따라 변화된 '화폐형태'의 동적인 모습과 그에 따른 패러다임변화를 가져오게 된 사회적 배경을 밝혀내고자 했다. 분석결과 새로운 화폐 출현 초기에는 민간에서의 다양한 시도와 함께 시장 중심의 자율적 통화조정이 이루어졌고, 이후 이윤과 권력의 국가독점을 위하여 정부 중심의 중앙 집중 통화 관리와 조정이 이루어졌다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 디지털화폐는 패러다임 변화를 가져올 새로운 화폐형태의 등장으로 볼 수 있다. 중앙은행이 발행하는 CBDC는 직접형과 간접형 모델이 있으며, 관련 산업 생태계의 변화가 예상되는 만큼 국가나 기업의 전략적 접근이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 민간주도형 디지털화폐인 페이스북 리브라는 가격변동을 최소화하여 화폐로서의 기능에 적합하도록 설계된 스테이블코인으로 실제 상용화에 성공할 경우 전 세계 금융산업에 혁명적 변화를 가져올 것으로 전망된다.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.194-206
• /
• 2006

With the change of social paradigm, the number of child care facilities is increasing and, accordingly, demand for sportswear for preschool children is also growing. Considering this trend, the present study purposed to subdivide the preschooler' sportswear market, which is currently using uniform design, and diversify the images of preschoolers' sportswear utilizing information on preschoolers' sportswear market, to produce high-quality sportswear of reasonable price, and to induce the development of various materials and designs. The results of this study are as follows. First, according to the result of paired t-test on the current image of preschoolers' sportswear and its future image to be promoted, among 22 items of sportswear image, the scores of comfortable and active images were highest. According to the results of factor analysis, five factors were identified, and kindergarten directors gave the highest score to plain image for preschoolers' sportswear and the lowest score to elegance image. This suggests that there should be active and diverse approaches to sportswear design. When the mean score of factors was compared among preschoolers' sportswear image to be promoted in the future, high-class elegant image got the highest score and was followed by functional image. In addition, lively and neat image got the lowest score. Second, when we analyzed the correlations between the five factors of image identified through factor analysis and three groups formed through cluster analysis in order to classify buyers based on the current images of preschoolers' sportswear and future images to be promoted, kindergarten directors were found to emphasize functional image currently in selecting sportswear for their children but to promote elegant image for future sportswear.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.20-30
• /
• 2006

The purposes of this study were to investigate demographic profiles between the consumer group under high time pressure(HTP) and the group under low time pressure(LTP) during the shopping, to examine the level of association between the fashion information sources and time pressure variable, to determine the difference in clothing benefits sought between HTP and LTP, and to determine the difference in purchase criteria. We distributed questionnaires to 600 women aged in 20-65. The reliable 562 questionnaires were used for a statistical analysis. Data analyses were conducted with SPSS program on t-test, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and Chi square test. We obtained the following results: There was a significant association between demographic variables such as age, occupation, education, residence area, & family cycle and time pressure variable. Fashion information sources were classified into 4 factors. HTP searched information on fashion products using more various sources than LTP did. There was also a significant difference between HTP and LTP in clothing benefit sought. Four clothing benefit factors such as trendy/social position, economic value, protection/comfort, and makeup of body shape were sought more by HTP than by LTP. In addition, HTP considered significantly more purchase criteria such as color/pattern, comfort, quality, suitability, material, sewing finishing, coordination, price, brand, easy care, and country of origin than LTP.

• 대한화장품학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.269-282
• /
• 2006

본 논문은 국내화장품 산업의 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고, 국내에 진출한 수입화장품의 마케팅전략을 마케팅 믹스전략의 구성요소인 4P를 중심으로 분석하고, 그에 따른 소비자 구매행동에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아봄으로써 21세기 국내 경제를 이끌어갈 산업의 하나로 발전하기 위한 방향과 전략을 연구 분석하였다 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 국내화장품 산업의 현황과 문제점을 살펴본 결과 화장품 산업은 전형적인 브랜드 산업으로 국내화장품은 브랜드력의 부족이 문제점으로 대두되고 있었다. 마케팅의 구성요소인 4P를 중심으로 국내 진출한 수입화장품의 마케팅전략에 관한 분석은 국내화장품 기술개발 수준이 선진국 대열에 진출할 만큼 발전함에 파라 소비자의 요구를 살펴보면 점차 다양한 심층화가 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 즉 브랜드는 제품에 대한 수많은 정보 속에서 유일하게 신뢰할 수 있는 판단 기준이 되는 만큼 소비자의 요구 변화를 인지한 브랜드 마케팅 수립과 브랜드 마케팅전략을 효과적으로 전개할 수 있는 다양한 유통망 형성이 시급함을 알 수 있었다.