• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.819-823
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• 2024

The main criteria used in NEI 18-04 to define SSCs as risk-significant include (1) the SSC is required to keep all LBEs within the F-C target, and (2) the total frequency with the SSC failed exceeds 1% of the limit for at least one of the three cumulative risk metrics used for evaluating the integrated plant risk. The first one is a reasonable criterion in determining the risk significant SSCs. However, the second criterion may not be adequate to serve the purpose of determining the risk significance of SSCs. In the second criterion, the cumulative risk metric values representing the integrated plant risk (less the preventive and mitigative effects of the SSC being evaluated) are compared to a risk limit that represents a very small contribution to the overall integrated plant risk, which corresponds appropriately to the contributions from individual SSCs. The easiest approach to redefine the NEI 18-04 definition of risk-significant SSCs in relation to the integrated plant risk metrics is to compare the difference, between the risk metric value calculated with the SSC failed and the risk metric value calculated with the SSC credited, with 1% of the risk limit established for the integrated plant risk metrics.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.52-64
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• 2002

Background : Coding of principal diagnosis is essential component for producing reliable health statistics. We performed this study to evaluate the current practice of principal diagnoses determination and coding, and to give some basic data to improve coding of principal diagnosis. Method : Nineteen medical record administrators (MRAs) of 3 university hospitals participated in coding principal Dx. from August 1, 2001 to August 31, 2001. From each hospital, 10 medical records of patients with high frequency disease were selected randomly. Each 10 medical records were grouped into three (A. B, C). Then, these 30 medical records were given to each MRAs for coding. At the same time questionnaire was given to each of them. Questions were to prove how they decide and code the principal diagnosis among many current diagnoses; how they decide and code the principal diagnosis when they see irrelevant diagnosis recorded as the principal diagnosis in medical record, when only tentative diagnoses were recorded without final diagnosis, and when different diagnoses were recorded in different sheets of same record. Agreement of coding among 3 hospitals were compared and survey results were analysed with SAS 6.12. Results : Agreement of coding was found in medical records 5-6 of each 10 medical records. Causes of disagreement were as follows. Difference of clinician's opinion from each hospital; mixed use of guideline from KCD-3 and guideline from DRG; difference in 4th digit classification according to the absence of pathology report in the medical record; difference of abbreviations among hospitals. 57.9% of MRAs selected the principal diagnosis recorded by physician, 42.1% of MRAs decided principal diagnosis after consulting to KCD-3 guideline. When there were difficulties in determining the principal diagnosis, 42.1% of MRAs decided principal diagnosis after discussion with the physician, 26.3% after discussion with fellow MRAs. Conclusion : There were differences in codings among hospitals. To minimize the difference, we suggest the development of disease-specific guidelines for coding in addition to the current general guideline such as KCD-3. To do this, Coding Clinic which can produce guidelines is needed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 1984

Personal and social characteristics, disease status, reason of delay of receiving drug from City Health Center and knowledge and attitude on the pulmonary tuberculosis were compared between the faithful group in treatment and the unfaithful group among the patients for pulmonary tuberculosis registered in a City Health Center in order to analyze the factors which influenced the faithfulness to treatment. Record as well as interview survey was done toward all patients of 247 who were registered and being cared during over 6 months in a City Health Center from April 1, 1982 to March 31, 1983, and results were as follows; 1. There was no statistically significant difference in sex and age distribution between the faithful group in treatment and the unfaithful group. 2. There was no statistically significant difference in marital status distribution between the faithful group and unfaithful group in treatment. 3. The lower education group comprised higher proportion than the higher education group among the faithful group in treatment. 4. The proportion of the emlployed was higher than unemlpoyed among the unfaithful group in treatment. 5. The proportion of mild case was higher than severe case among the unfaithful group in treatment. 6. As for the onset of delay of receiving drug, 'less than 3 month after starting treatment' was 59.5% among the unfaithful group in treatment. 7. The reasons of delay of receiving drug were 'no time' (42.2%). 'being away from home' (25.0%), 'being sick' (13.8%), and 'forgot the appointed date' (12.0%). 8. There was no statistically significant difference in the knowledge on the communicability of the tuberculosis between the faithful groups in treatment and the unfaithful group. 9. There was no statistically significant difference in the knowlege on B.C.G. as vaccination drug of tuberculosis between the faithful group and the unfaithful group in treatment. 10. There was no statistically significant difference in the satisfaction on the treatment of health center between the group of faithful and unfaithful in treatment. 11. There was no statistically significant difference in the belief on the complete recovery of tuberculosis between the faithful group and the unfaithful group in treatment. 12. The rate of consulting on tuberculosis treatment with life partner was higher among the faithful group in treatment than the unfaithful group.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.101-117
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• 1973

Socio-medical survey was carried out on six hundred and thirty Korean households in the cities of Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya in Japan from Nov. 1972 to Dec. 1972, and following results were obtained. 1. Age distribution of households showed the highest occurence in the group of 40 to 49 years of age in the both sexes. Families with five members showed highest occurence, and the average number of familial members was 5.7 persons per one household. 2. More than half of the householders were some independent enterprisers rather than to be the employees and most of the household had one familial member engaged in more or less liberal profession. 3. 19.4% of households moved into these cities from 1941 to 1945. 4. 40.5% of all the households had their own houses. The possession rate of one's own house was higher in the households which had long period of residence in Japan. 5. 83.5% of all households had various medical insurances. And the 6.2% of the household which had no insurance stated that the reason for not being affiliated was 'because to be the foreigner'. Household of shorter dwelling period had less tendency to be affiliated to the various insurances. 6. In 41.3% of all the households, average medical expenditure amounted to 1000-5000 Yen per month. And only 25.6% of household stated that they do not worry about the medical expenditure for the futures. 7. 66.3% of households were consulting to medical doctors for their sickness, such as toothache, severe coughing, profuse sputum, children's fever and stomach pain etc. 8. 59.4% of households were using the facilities of health center services. The health center service was used mainly for individual health service rather than the environmental aspect. And 19.8% of households were not aware of health center activities. 9. It was found that 23.5% of households received the screening test of the tuberculosis and adult diseases. Especially, the rate of screening test of the adult diseases showed as following ; stomach cancer, 8.9% ; hypertension, 7.9% ; diabetes mellitus, 2.1% ; and uterus cancer, 1.6%. 10. Birth control was carried out in 17.3% of households but not in 52.5%. The chief reason of birth control was 'because of poor maternal health' (40.0%) or 'should not be done' (5.4%). 11. Most of them are obtaining the knowledges and informations on family plannings. public nuisance problems and nutritions etc. by means of the mass communications, while those no preventing diseases and the environmental hygiene through the administrative organizations.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2002

It is an important task to give adequate nutritions to infants and to wean properly for rapid growth. This study was conducted to survey on doing the weaning activities of the first-time mother. This study was to provide basic data of health teaching and nursing intervention for the promotion of ideal weaning activities. Survey was done from January to February in 2001. Total 444 mothers who have first-time baby under twelve month old were interviewed in five community health center around contry (Seoul, Choung-ju, Asan, Cheon-an, Jeju). The results are summarized as follows; Starting time of weaning was common in four month old(40.4%). Most common daily weaning times by age showed once(under 3 months), twice(4 to 7 months), three times(8 to 12 months). The younger, the more commercial weaning products(p<0.01). Education level showed relatively positive relation with home-made weaning food(p<0.05). Items showed low scores in 4 to 7 months group were starting new food item, waiting at least one week interval to new food, feeding by milk bottle, allowing grasping spoon, consulting pediatrician for problems after weaning, starting from morning, regular schedule. Items showed low scores in 8 to 12 months group were feeding whole egg rather than yolk only up to 12 months, keeping weaning interval were increased, feeding by milk bottle, trying various cooking method, not giving commerical cooking and instant food and unproper raw milk feeding. In weaning activities by general factors, mother age, health status, marriage duration, monthly income were statistically significant (p<0.05). To improve good weening activities, targetting on low maternal age and poor health status, and low income group, developing teaching materials and training program for items showed low scores and proper weaning time, type of easy home-made food and easy cooking method should be provided. Further study on effect of nursing intervention to improve weaning activities are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.160-169
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• 2017

Objectives: Health in adolescent is very important in the whole life. But, students in Korea are very busy and hard to care about their health. This study is aimed to effectiveness and safety of effectiveness of School Doctor program in Korean Medicine. Method: From august to december, 2015, Korean medicine association in Sungnam city conducted school doctor program for 12 middle and 8 high school. School doctor visitied 8 times and treat, lecture and consulting for students and teachers. The number of students participating in health lecture is 1,905. The number of students participating in the school project was 147 students in junior high school and 187 students in high school, totaling 334 students. Results: The overall satisfaction rate of students was very high (83.2%) for school doctor program in Korean medicine. 92.8% of respondents answered that they should continue to school doctor program in Korean medicine. Conclusions: We find that Korean medicine is suitable for the school doctor program. But this study have some limitations. Large-scale prospective study will be needed.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 2014

Recently, there are lots methodologies to improve the quality of research in medical and public health fields. One of them is to checking a process of research with a reporting guideline before reporting paper. Especially, reporting guideline for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is the consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT). Therefore, this review describes the latest version of the CONSORT statement, CONSORT 2010, including intent, background, and contents of this. The CONSORT statement comprises a checklist of essential items that should be included in reports of RCTs and a diagram for documenting the flow of participants through a trial. This report guideline aims at providing guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of their trials. As consulting the CONSORT, authors could be strictly reported about research methods and results. From this review, we expect to elevate the quality of such research about dental hygiene and to establish the foundation for evidence-based dental hygiene.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.357-363
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess current food-handling practices of employees in school food service settings, as well as their knowledge levels, and identify relationships between knowledge, practices, and influencing variables. The survey was conducted for dietitians and employees in the school foodservice industry in Gyeongsangbuk-do province. A total of 270 and 570 questionnaires for dietitians and employees, respectively, were distributed by mail. Response rates were $62\%$ (N=171) and $66\%$ (N=376) from dietitians and employees, respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS Windows (version 10.0). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Pearson correlations were applied to test for relationships between knowledge and practice of HACCP principles. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to examine the influence of knowledge, current education guidelines, demographic information (working experience, academic background, and certification for food and cooking), and school characteristics (food production system, service style, and number of meals). School foodservice employees were found to have a significant amount of food safety knowledge ($67.5\pm1.8$ out of 100 possible points). Proper food handling practices were not always being followed in many schools. The relationship between their knowledge, current HACCP education training, and food handling practices was not significant. These results suggested the present situation of HACCP trainings performed by dietitians were inadequate for many school foodservice operations. The number of meals in school was an independent predictor of the employees' food-handling practices. These results suggest that an effective education program should integrate endeavors that take account of social and environmental influences on food safety to support the improvement of food-handling practices and the implementation of a HACCP program. Furthermore, dietitians should continue to provide consulting, training, and technical assistance to schools on HACCP implementation.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 2022

After COVID-19, the number of people with sleep disorders around the world is increasing. In particular, in the flow of the 4th industrial revolution, the differentiation of types and characteristics of the sleep industry is accelerating. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of each type of sleep-related industry were reclassified from an industrial point of view, and based on this, an attempt was made to review the classification system that can help companies develop sleep products and improve related national systems. Based on the 10th standard industry classification, we compared input cost, value, and usability and analyzed common characteristics, treatments, and preventive effects based on this. A comprehensive taxonomy using matrix analysis was reviewed. As a result, in terms of cost (A), the most common sleeping products are general mattresses and general bedding. It is an IOT device (auxiliary device), and the value aspect (B, B/D) included sleep cafe, bedding rental and management service, and sleep consulting. In terms of utility (A/B), a total of 6 product groups including sleep aids (health functional foods) belong to this category, and in terms of treatment (A/C), a total of 3 product groups including sleep clinics (medical services) belong to this category. As for the product group (A/D) with both properties, it was found that non-insurance sleep treatment medical devices, sleep-related over-the-counter drugs, and some sleep monitoring applications belong to this category. Ultimately, it was found that the sleep industry classification enables the most active product development and composition according to the relative relationship between cost and utility, and treatment and utility. appeared to be necessary.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to reveal the circumstances under which the cases of harm to health caused by humidifier disinfectant were neglected and show the points where the number of victims and the degree of damage could have been reduced. In addition, it attempts to describe how damage management proceeded immediately after the incident and actually exacerbated the damage. Finally, it explores the unfortunate aspects of the recent trial. By doing so, it attempts to take this as an opportunity to consider whether a tragic event such as the humidifier disinfectant incident could occur in the future. Methods: This study collected and analyzed data on chemical material characteristics related to humidifier disinfectants, data on health effect characteristics, data on related laws and regulations from the Ministry of Environment, data related to the damage investigation by the Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, and current contents. Results: The lack of related systems and laws is the area where the greatest responsibility for the cause of the humidifier disinfectant disaster falls, so it is difficult for the government to escape this responsibility. Establishing a dedicated department to identify the prevalence of certain diseases within the functions of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service to monitor health can greatly contribute to the prevention and management of diseases through early detection and management of group outbreaks caused by harmful factors. Humidifier disinfectant damage relief should have been expanded earlier beyond HDLI (humidifier disinfectant lung injury) to include non-specific diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia. The scope of relief benefits should have also been expanded earlier to include the payment of disability benefits. Fortunately, with the 2020 revision of the Special Act, the conditions for estimating causal relations were eased and individual screening systems such as health impact assessment were reorganized along with the introduction of a rapid screening system. Conclusions: The management system for chemical substances in a country is clearly of paramount importance, and the ministry in charge must have a response system in case of damage to health effects. Administration that looks at the victims' situation from their point of view is needed, and technical countermeasures are required to quickly recognize the prevalence of certain diseases.