• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.235-242
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• 2009

This study aims to examine terrorism by biological agents. These days terrorism evolved so rapidly that more than one terror occurs a day in global society as we are on the edge of so-called New-terrorism. One of new examples of new terrorism is Bioterrorism by biological agents. In order to address Bioterrorism we should conduct a study to examine things to be prepared at ordinary times and future plans. As an effort to develop countermeasures against Bioterrorism, anti-terrorism laws should be made on Prevention phases anti-terrorism funding laws as well. Other Bioterrorism laws need to be made. On Response phases initial reaction task force should be ready for making positive initial reaction. A special hospital for CBR(Chemical, Biologlcal, and Radiological) warfare needs to be designated to practice medicine. Biological~safety-Levels should be constructed by IV levels. Effective public promotion network should be built. On Recovery phases evaluation system needs to be suggested and international cooperative network should be established.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2006

The purposes of this study were to analyze and compare EMG activities of the pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and brachioradialis muscles during biceps curls using a VRT device and an elastic tubing. Fifteen male college students were recruited as subjects and they performed 10-RM and 20-RM biceps curls. For each load and device condition, the mean and peak normalized EMG levels during different phases of a biceps curl were computed. For each load and phase, paired t-test (p.05) was used to find the significant difference between two devices. ANOVA with repeated measures was also used to find the significant difference among phases in terms of EMG values for each muscle. For each load and device condition, the peak and mean EMG levels during different phases of a biceps curl were computed The significant differences between devices were found in biceps brachii for EA, MD, LD phases, and triceps brachii muscles for all phases, respectively. However, no differences were found among phases for any muscle. This indicated that elastic band could have a similar characteristics of VRT. High antagonistic muscle activity as a function of injury prevention which found particularly in VRT device may suggest that elastic tubing can be a safer training device than VRT. This also imply that elastic tubing could be very effective as a home exercise tool for rehabilitation patients and elderly people.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2771-2776
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• 2014

Background: Breast cancer screening and higher quality mammography have resulted in an increase in the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ worldwide. We compared the incidence and other factors in our cases of ductal carcinoma in situ between two recent decades. Materials and Methods: Medical records of cases of ductal carcinoma in situ who had been admitted to the surgery wards of the Cancer Institute of Tehran, Iran were evaluated from March 1993 to March 2003 as phase 1, and from April 2003 to April 2013 as phase 2. Results: Ratio of ductal carcinoma in situ to overall breast cancer was 1.27 and 3.93 in phases 1 and 2, respectively. Rates of excisional or incisional biopsies versus core needle biopsies and clinically versus mammographically detected cases as well as median size of tumors dropped between the 2 phases while a substantial rise in the number of patients attending for screening was seen in this time period. Surgical treatments followed a trend from modified radical mastectomy and axillary lymphatic dissection toward breast conserving surgery and sentinel node dissection or no axillary intervention. Conclusions: Our study shows a considerable trend toward earlier detection of breast cancer and evolution of treatment strategies toward standard less invasive surgery of DCIS in Iran.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.18-27
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• 2000

There is a acupuncture method which make a difference according to the four seasons, according to body region or depth in skin. We call it Acupuncture follow the four seasons(四時刺法). In several chapters of Huangdineijing(黃帝內經) introduced Acupuncture follow the four seasons. Acupuncture follow the four seasons has two kinds of acupuncture method that is to acupuncture at body region and to acupuncture at five Su points(五兪穴). To use five Su points(五兪穴) according to Yongchu(靈樞) disagree with Nanjing(難經). In Yongchu(靈樞), the five phases property disagree with five Su points(五兪穴), but in Nanjing(難經) the five phases property agree with five Su points(五兪穴). Even if we can acupuncture the same point, there will be the different effect according as what is the purpose of doing acupuncture, and when we do acupuncture. That is to say, we can use apucupuncture for the purpose of prevention in Yongchu(靈樞), and for the purpose of healing the disease in Nanjing(難經). Therefore, because we select the point on the base of meridian Kis origin which spring out, we have to acupuncture Chong point(井穴) in winter according to Yongchu(靈樞). Because we select the point on the base of meridian Kis origin which flowing, we have to acupuncture Chong point(井穴) in spring according to Nanjing(難經). And in the base of five phases' property, the purpose of selecting five Su points(五兪穴) is the prevention according to Yongchu(靈樞), and the healing according to Nanjing(難經). So even though we acupuncture the exactly same Chong point(井穴), we can expect the effect that acupuncture method supply Ki for liver in winter. and the effect that it extract pathogenic Ki(邪氣) from the liver in spring.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.185-189
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• 2010

As recent construction project has specialization and high-level of the engineering, Although, It has always uncertainty of agreement and contract enforcement, factors of difficult to predict etc. in each phase. In this process, Various interest groups involved are continuously generated dispute of interest each others. So this paper analyzed the dispute cases in construction projects from the Supreme Court and Korean Commercial Arbitration Board in Korea, and then identified the dispute types and causes that occur during all of the construction project phases with their influence analysis. At the result, It will be contributed to the basic data for pre-dispute prevention in the construction projects.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5989-5993
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• 2013

Background: Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Importance of tumor coverage and challenges posed by its unique and critical location are well evident. Therefore we aimed to evaluate our radiation treatment plan through dose volume histograms (DVHs) to find planning target volume (PTV) dose coverage and factors affecting it. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study covered 45 histologically proven nasopharyngeal cancer patients who were treated with definitive 3D-CRT and chemotherapy between Feb 2006 to March 2013 at the Department of Oncology, Section Radiation Oncology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. DVH was evaluated to find numbers of shrinking field (phases), PTV volume in different phases and its coverage by the 95% isodose lines, along with influencing factors. Results: There were 36 males (80%) and 9 females (20%) in the age range of 12-84 years. Stage IVA (46.7%) was the most common stage followed by stage III (31.1). Eighty six point six-percent received induction, 95.5% received concurrent and 22.2% received adjuvant chemotherapy. The prescribed median radiation dose was 70Gy to primary, 60Gy to clinically positive neck nodes and 50Gy to clinically negative neck regions. Mean dose to spinal cord was 44.2Gy and to optic chiasma was 52Gy. Thirty seven point eight-percent patients completed their treatment in three phases while 62.2% required four to five phases. Mean volume for PTV3 was $247.8cm^3$ (50-644.3), PTV4 $173.8cm^3$ (26.5-345.1) and PTV5 $119.6cm^3$ (18.9-246.1) and PTV volume coverage by 95% isodose lines were 74.4%, 85.7% and 100% respectively. Advanced T stage, intracranial extension and tumor volume > $200cm^3$ were found to be important factors associated with decreased PTV coverage by 95% isodose line. Conclusions: 3D CRT results in adequate PTV dose coverage by 95% isodose line. However advanced T stage, intracranial extension and large target volume require more advanced techniques like IMRT for appropriate PTV coverage.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2167-2175
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• 2015

Autophagy is a self-digestion process, wrapping cytoplasmic proteins or organelles to form vesicles for degradation in lysosomes. The process plays an important role in the maintenance of intracellular homostasis. Here we overview articles on autophagy and cancer/tumors in Pubmed and found 327 articles. Autophagy exists in many tumors and is involved in cell malignant transformation and tumor cell growth. In early phases of tumorigenesis, autophagy clears the abnormally folded proteins and dysfunctional organelles such as mitochondria. Autophagy can also inhibit cell stress responses and prevent genetic damage. When a tumor develops, autophagy helps tumor cells survive nutritional deficiencies and hypoxic conditions. Studies of autophagy in the occurrence and progression of tumors should provide new therapeutic strategies for tumors.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.527-534
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• 1993

The phenomena that excess sulfate hindred the C3S formation in the presence of clinker liquid phase were investigated. In the case of (NH4)2SO4, assuming SO3 atmospheric condition, sulfate stabilized C2S and was enriched at the surface of C2S grains, so C2S was prevented from being dissolved into clinker melt. CaSO4 showed the similar aspect with (NH4)2SO4, however, the prevention of C3S formation by CaSO4 took more influence that C2AS and C4A3 were formed below 100$0^{\circ}C$, and remained upto clinkering temperature, 145$0^{\circ}C$, thus these intermediate phases caught CaO which would participate the C3S formation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 2015

A lipopeptide extract of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BACY1 (BLE) was found to induce cell death in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines, SCC4 and SCC25, in this study. The results of MTT assay showed that BLE inhibited OSCC cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. BLE was also effective in increasing the sub-G1 phases. Furthermore, when membrane damage in SCC4 cells treated with BLE was monitored by LDH assay, release of LDH was significantly increased. The protein and mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, and caspase-3 were up-regulated by BLE. Taken together, these results suggest that BLE induces apoptosis and then inhibits the cell proliferation of human OSCC cells.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2024

Purpose: This study develops a chatbot for school violence prevention (C-SVP) among elementary school students. Methods: Among the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) models, ADD phases were applied to develop a C-SVP. Students' learning needs were identified by constructing content with a design that attracted their attention. Subsequently, a formative evaluation was conducted on the developed C-SVP to test its applicability by ten elementary school students targeting the 5th and 6th grades. Results: The chatbot was designed using KakaoTalk and named "School Guardian Angel." The formative evaluation revealed that the developed C-SVP was easily accessible and useful for elementary school students. Conclusion: The developed C-SVP is expected to be effective in preventing violence among elementary school students. However, further research involving children of various age groups is required.