• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2018

Fuel assembly (FA) bow in pressurized water reactor (PWR) cores is considered to be a complex process with a large number of influencing mechanisms and several unknowns. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses are a common way to assess the predictability of such complex phenomena. To perform such analyses, a structural model of a row of 15 FAs in the reactor core is implemented with the finite-element code ANSYS Mechanical APDL. The distribution of lateral hydraulic forces within the core row is estimated based on a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics model with porous media, assuming symmetric or asymmetric core inlet and outlet flow profiles. The influence of the creep rate on the bow amplitude is tested based on different creep models for guide tubes and fuel rods. Different FA initial states are considered: fresh FAs or FAs with higher burnup, which may be initially straight or exhibit an initial bow from previous cycles. The simulation results over one reactor cycle demonstrate that changes in the creep rate and the hydraulic conditions may have a considerable impact on the bow amplitudes and the bow patterns. A good knowledge of the specific creep behavior and the hydraulic conditions is therefore crucial for making reliable predictions.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제40권
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• pp.38-67
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• 2000

The study aims to understand the traditional context of the social policies in Germany by reviewing the course of transition of the traditional, ancient and/or medieval social policies or ideas of social policy in the country as a typical example of such transitions, which started being passed over to the modern civic society at the end of the medieval age, that is, during the 15th and 16th centuries. One of the reasons why the domestic interest in the German social policy is higher than the actual research achievements and frequently discussed seems explainable because a social security or welfare policy through a social insurance was initiated in Germany for the first time over the world in the 19th century. Notwithstanding, however, that all of us know that such a policy was not made in a day, cases are sometimes visible where focuses are easily drawn only to the periodic and economical phenomena in the 19th century and the strategic option of Preussen. Moreover, no literature which integrates thoroughly or publicly the social policies in Germany has been introduced at home, and some research books or study papers, if any, are inclined to concentrate merely on the social policies after the 19th century. Indeed, there are views, not rare, that a social policy of a national dimension was initiated along with the establishment of capitalism or an industrial society. According to such views, an industrial society or capitalism was begun to shape in the 19th century, and it is accordingly so national to lay our focuses on the social policies after the century. But from the fact that a national social policy existed much farther before the capitalism was established, it can be inferred that such policies were inevitable in all societies where a social issue existed. In the case of our country which experienced a more serious separation from the tradition than other countries by her rapid industrialization and Westernization, it is true that some traditional traces remain still regardless of their actual realization.

• 기록학연구
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• 제17호
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• pp.85-114
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• 2008

갑오개혁기 기록관리의 특징 중에 하나는 왕복과, 이후 문서과가 기록의 생산에서부터 유통에 이르기까지 통제하고 있다는 점이다. 그리고 업무가 종료된 기록은 기록과로 넘겨져 분류와 정리가 이루어졌다. 기존 연구들에서는 갑오개혁기의 이런 기록관리제도는 일본을 통해서 수입된 것으로 파악하였다. 본고는 명치유신 이후 정착된 일본의 새로운 기록관리제도가 당시 프로이센의 등기실체제를 받아들인 것임을 밝혔다. 그러나 프로이센의 등기실체제는 현용기록을 관리하는 체제이고, 이는 기밀국가기록보존소(아카이브즈)를 통해 시민에게 기록을 공개하는 근대적 기록관리체제를 전제로 하는 것이었다. 명치기 일본은 프로이센의 현행 기록관리체제인 등기실체제만 수용하였고, 아카이브즈의 설립을 받아들이지 않았다. 이는 갑오개혁기 조선도 마찬가지였다. 따라서 갑오개혁기 일련의 법규 속의 기록관리관련 규정을 '근대적'인 것으로 평가할 수는 없을 것이다. 즉 갑오개혁기의 기록관련 법규는, 기록에 대한 시민의 권리, 즉 기록의 공개를 법적으로 보장하는 '근대적 기록법규'는 아니었다. 그러나 갑오개혁기 기록관리제도가 우리나라의 기록관리제 도사에 큰 의미를 주는 것이 있으니, 기록의 가치와 기구와 명칭이 기록의 라이프사이클과 명실상부하다는 점이다. 현용기록을 관리하는 기구가 문서과였고, 업무가 끝난 기록을 분류 정리하여 편철하는 기구가 기록과였다. "현용기록=문서=문서과, 비현용기록=기록=기록과"의 개념은 이후 계승되지 못하고, 오늘날에도 현용기록이나 비현용기록이나 기록으로 사용하고 있고, 관리기구의 명칭도 마찬가지이다.