• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate whether medetomidine (MED) and tiletamine/zolazepam (ZT) combination in dogs provide the sufficient analgesia during the period of the stage of surgical anesthesia determined by the response to the noxious stimuli, which were evaluated by the change of electroencephalogram (EEG) and hemodynamic values. Seven clinically healthy, adult beagle dogs were used. They were used repeatedly at interval of a week, according to a randomized design. This study had 2 experimental groups. In Group 1, dogs received $30\;{\mu}g/kg$ of medetomidine and 10 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly. In Group 2, dogs were medicated with the same method as in Group 1, except the pedal withdrawal reflex test was done. In Group 2, interdigital regions were grasped with a mosquito forceps for 30 seconds, every 5 min from 10 min to 45 min after ZT injection. During all recording stages, the power for each band, mean arterial pressure and heart rates were calculated. On EEG, no significant changes were observed between groups. Although mean arterial pressure and heart rate were increased 10 min after ZT injection, no significant differences were observed between groups. In conclusion, the MED and ZT anesthesia in dogs are seemed to provide a satisfactory analgesic effect during the period of surgical anesthesia based on EEG with pedal withdrawal reflex test.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.3 s.150
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• pp.239-244
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• 2007

The herbal formulation (KH-204) mainly consisted of the fruits of Lycium chinense, Cornus officinalis, Rubus coreanus, Cuscuta chinensis and Schizandra chinensis. We investigated the effects of this herbal formulation on the penile erection and corpus cavernosum of spontaneous hypertensive male Rats (SHR). We used male SHR aged 16 weeks as a model of hypertension. The treatment groups received once a day oral doses KH-204 100 and 300 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks. Distilled water was administered in the control group. To investigate the penile erection, intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in all groups. We analyzed the distribution of NOS by immunohistochemical staining and the expression of nNOS, eNOS concentration in the isolated corpus cavernosum by western blotting. In the control group, ICP/MAP ratio was $14.9{\pm}1.4%$ after pelvic nerve stimulation. ICP/MAP ratio was markedly increased in the treatment group with KH-204 100, 300 mg/kg, compared with control group. Immunohistochemical staining for NOS showed that eNOS and nNOS was stained as brown color. Compared with the control group, NOS activities of KH-204 100, 300 mg/kg were increased significantly. Also the penile expression levels of nNOS, eNOS in KH-204 100, 300 mg/kg treatment group were more increased significantly than control group by western blotting. This study showed that KH-204 enhances the penile erection and the level of eNOS and nNOS expression of penile corpus cavernosum of male SHR.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.195-202
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• 2020

Background: Nasotracheal intubation is the most commonly used method to secure the field of view when performing surgery on the oral cavity or neck. Like orotracheal intubation, nasotracheal intubation uses a laryngoscope. Hemodynamic change occurs due to the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Recently, video laryngoscope with a camera attached to the end of the direct laryngoscope blade has been used to minimize this change. In this study, we investigated the optimal effect-site concentration (Ce) of remifentanil for minimizing hemodynamic responses during nasotracheal intubation with a video laryngoscope. Methods: Twenty-one patients, aged between 19 and 60 years old, scheduled for elective surgery were included in this study. Anesthesia was induced by slowly injecting propofol. At the same time, remifentanil infusion was initiated at 3.0 ng/ml via target-controlled infusion (TCI). When remifentanil attained the preset Ce, nasotracheal intubation was performed using a video laryngoscope. The patient's blood pressure and heart rate were checked pre-induction, right before and after intubation, and 1 min after intubation. Hemodynamic stability was defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate by 20% before and after nasotracheal intubation. The response of each patient determined the Ce of remifentanil for the next patient at an interval of 0.3 ng/ml. Results: The Ce of remifentanil administered ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 ng/ml for the patients evaluated. The estimated optimal effective effect-site concentrations of remifentanil were 3.22 and 4.25 ng/ml, that were associated with a 50% and 95% probability of maintaining hemodynamic stability, respectively. Conclusion: Nasotracheal intubation using a video laryngoscope can be successfully performed in a hemodynamically stable state by using the optimal remifentanil effect-site concentration (Ce₅₀, 3.22 ng/ml; Ce₉₅, 4.25 ng/ml).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.35-45
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation and characteristics between electromyographic (EMG) activities of lower leg muscles and the posturographic assessment of static balance control in normal adults. Twenty-four young, healthy adults(12 males, 12 females) participated in the study. Center of pressure (COP) parameters were obtained using force platform as total path distance, total sway area, X mean frequency and Y mean frequency for 20 seconds in the following conditions: (1) comfortable standing with eyes opened or closed, (2) uncomfortable standing (feet together) with eyes opened or closed, (3) virtual moving surround delivered using Head mount display (HMD) with four different moving patterns. The virtual moving patterns consisted of close-far, superior-inferior tilting (pitch), right-left tilting (roll), and horizontal rotation (yaw) movements. Surface electromyographic activites were recorded on the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius muscles under each condition. Correlation between the posturographic measures and EMG activities were evaluated. Total path distance and total sway area of COP were significantly increased during uncomfortable standing. EMG activity of tibialis anterior was significantly more during uncomfortable standing and virtual moving surround stimulation than during comfortable standing. Total path distance and sway area of COP during comfortable standing with closed eyes showed significant positive correlation with the EMG activities of the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle. Total path distances and total sway area of COP during muscle. Total path distances and total sway area of COP during presentation of virtual moving surround also had significant positive correlations with EMG activities of the lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle under close-far movement.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 1996

Orthodontic force is a mechanical stress controlling both of tooth movement and skeletal growth. The mechanical stress stimulate bone cells that may exert some influence on bone remodeling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in cellular activity depending on mechanical stresses such as compressive and tensile force by determining the alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity. A clonal osteogenic cell line MC3T3-E1 was seeded into a 24-well plate($2{\times}10^4/well$). At the confluent phase, a continuous compressive hydrostatic pressure($25g/cm^2$, $300g/cm^2$) and continuous tensile hydrostatic pressure($-25g/cm^2$, $-300g/cm^2$) were applied for 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 20 days respectively by a diaphgragm pump. At the end of the stimulation period, cell layers were prepared for ALP activity assay. The ALP activity of the compressive group increased more than that of the tensile group at same force magnitude, whereas the cells responded to a similar pattern regardless of the type of mechanical stress The ALP activity of the compressive and tensile group turned into the level of the control group as the length of time increased. These results indicated that a mechanical stress may be more effective on cellular activity during active cellular proliferation and differentiation periods. The time to achieve maximum ALP activity was delayed as the mechanical stress increased in both the compressive and the tensile group. Accordingly, the magnitude of the stress rather than the type of mechanical stress may have more influence on cellular activity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.983-988
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• 2003

Purpose : Syncope appears to be common. However, the mechanism of syncope is not clear. Increased vagal activity and withdrawal of sympathetic stimulation cause hypotension, bradycardia and finally loss of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes of cerebral blood flow velocity, blood pressure, and heart rate during tilt test in children with vasovagal syncope. Methods : Sixty four children with a past history of syncope were evaluated. The stand up test was performed for 15 minutes after a rest at supine position for 10 minutes, followed by an $80^{\circ}$ tilt test lasting 45 minutes. If presyncope(lightheadedness, nausea, blurred vision, or sweating) or syncope occurred, the study was discontinued. 12-lead electrocardiography, echocardiography, and electroencephalography were performed. Transcranial Doppler study was performed at the middle cerebral artery with 2 MHz continuous Doppler probe in 10 children with positive tilt test. Systolic, diastolic, mean cerebral blood flow velocity, integral, and pulsatility index were measured with blood pressure, heart rate, and $O_2$ saturation. Results : The positive rate of tilt test was 31.3%(20/64). Systolic, diastolic, and mean cerebral blood flow velocity decreased significantly in absence of hypotension or bradycardia during presyncope. Time velocity integral of cerebral artery also decreased significantly. Conclusion : Decreased cerebral blood flow velocity can predict the presyncope manifestation. Impairment of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow might play an important role in the pathophysiology of vasovagal syncope.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2017

Knee sleeve has been used for prevention of sport injuries as well as rehabilitation. To investigate prevention of sport injuries of knee sleeve, it is important to evaluate balance associated with proprioception. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a knee sleeve with a pad that stimulate to golgi tendon organ (GTO_PAD) on proprioception and balance ability. Five healthy males were participated for the study. They were asked to reenact target angle with Biodex and perform one leg standing with knee sleeve and knee sleeve with GTO_PAD. There was no significant difference in %Target angle, but the value of %Target angle was higher in subjects wearing knee sleeve with GTO_PAD than only knee sleeve, except for one subject. During one leg standing, time duration was increased in subjects wearing knee sleeve with GTO_PAD. The length of center of pressure in x-axis (COPx) and COP in y-axis (COPy) were decreased when wearing knee sleeve with GTO_PAD (COPx : $162.06{\pm}58.99mm$ in knee sleeve vs. $149.03{\pm}45.30mm$ in knee sleeve with GTO_PAD, COPy : $310.79{\pm}115.89mm$ in knee sleeve, $291.57{\pm}76.53mm$ in knee sleeve with GTO_PAD). There was significant differences in INI_transition, steady, and LAT_transition phase (all, p < 0.05). These findings support that wearing knee sleeve with GTO_PAD might enhance proprioception and balance.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.69-75
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• 2015

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of the combination with Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), Gastrodia Rhizoma (Gastrodia elata Blume) and Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg) on metabolic disorders including cholesterol and erectile dysfunction in hyperlipidemia rats.Methods : Animals were divided into six groups; Control with normal diet, high fat/cholesterol-diet (HFCD), fluvastatin, Korean Red Ginseng treated (KRG), and the combination treated (Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori Radix; 1:1:1 for KGP1 and 2:1:1 for KGP2). The experimental groups initially received HFCD for 10 weeks and then treated orally with fluvastatin, KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 during the final 6 weeks. Erectile function was determined by the measurements of intracavernosal pressure (ICP) and maximal arterial pressure (MAP) after electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve.Results : KGP2 decreased the level of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the sera of HFCD rats without no changes of body weights. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 decreased the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels except of fluvastatin, synthetic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 significantly increased the ICP, ICP/MAP ratio, area under the curve (AUC) compared with those of normal rat. Morphometric analyses showed that KRG, KGP1 and KGP2 increased the volume of smooth muscle and the regular arrangement of collagen fibers in corpus cavernosum of HFCD rats. The penile expression of eNOS was increased by KRG, KGP1 and KGP2.Conclusions : Based on these results, we suggest that the combination with Korean Red Ginseng, Gastrodia Rhizoma and Polygoni Multiflori may improve hyperlipidemia through regulating the lipid profiles and erectile dysfunction in rats.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.304-309
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• 2007

In this study, the "Multi Well Plate-type cell Apparatus" was designed and setup for performing the producing experiments of methane hydrate by depressurization, heat stimulating methods. In order to characterizing the producing mechanism of hydrate through porous materials, the experiments for various producing methods have been conducted with the aid of the apparatus which has high permeability. In the experimental result of depressurization method, the pressure is temporarily increased unlikely conventional gas reservoir due to the sourcing effect of hydrate dissociation in the pore. Meanwhile, the temperature is decreased because of the endothermic reaction while hydrate is dissociated. In the experimental results of heat stimulating method, the dissociation in depressurization method is more slowly processed than that in thermal method, and hence, its gas production is lower. In the case of production right after heating, hydrate is dissociated only near injecting point and the permeability becomes greater at that area only. It infers that the more gas is produced during relatively earlier producing period. Since then, the hydrate is more slowly dissociated than the case of production after heating and soaking. This time, the performances of pressure and production obtained by thermal method have been analyzed in order to investigate the effect of soaking time on gas recovery. As a result, the gas recoveries in the case of 2 min and 4 min soaking are higher than case in 6 min soaking. This is reason that hydrate is reformed due to the decrease of temperature. It is expected that the experimental results obtained in this work may be more clearly explained by utilizing the lower permeable porous system with the greater hydrate saturation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.2773-2784
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• 2023

It is essential to evaluate the blasting-enhanced permeability (BEP) feasibility of a low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit. In this work, the mineral composition, reservoir physical properties and rock mechanical properties of samples from sandstone-type uranium deposits were first measured. Then, the reformability evaluation method was established by the analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight method (AHP-EWM) and the fuzzy mathematics method. Finally, evaluation results were verified by the split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment and permeability test. Results show that medium sandstone, argillaceous sandstone and siltstone exhibit excellent reformability, followed by coarse sandstone and fine sandstone, while the reformability of sandy mudstone is poor and is not able to accept BEP reservoir stimulation. The permeability improvement and the distribution of damage fractures before and after the SHPB experiment confirm the correctness of evaluation results. This research provides a reformability evaluation method for the BEP of the low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit, which contributes to the selection of the appropriate regional and stratigraphic horizon of the BEP and the enhanced ISL of the low-permeability sandstone-type uranium deposit.