• Molecules and Cells
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.244-255
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• 2018

Low-grade pro-inflammatory state and leptin resistance are important underlying mechanisms that contribute to obesity-associated hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that Astragaloside IV (As IV), known to counteract obesity and hypertension, could prevent obesity-associated hypertension by inhibiting pro-inflammatory reaction and leptin resistance. High-fat diet (HFD) induced obese rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the HFD control group (HF con group), As IV group, and the As IV + ${\alpha}$-bungaratoxin (${\alpha}-BGT$) group (As IV+${\alpha}-BGT$ group). As IV ($20mg{\cdot}Kg^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$) was administrated to rats for 6 weeks via daily oral gavage. Body weight and blood pressure were continuously measured, and NE levels in the plasma and renal cortex was evaluated to reflect the sympathetic activity. The expressions of leptin receptor (LepRb) mRNA, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (p-STAT3), phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) mRNA, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) mRNA, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA and neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA were measured by Western blot or qRT-PCR to evaluate the hypothalamic leptin sensitivity. Additionally, we measured the protein or mRNA levels of ${\alpha}7nAChR$, inhibitor of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ kinase subunit ${\beta}/nuclear$ factor ${\kappa}B$ ($IKK{\beta}/NF-KB$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines ($IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$) in hypothalamus and adipose tissue to reflect the anti-inflammatory effects of As IV through upregulating expression of ${\alpha}7nAChR$. We found that As IV prevented body weight gain and adipose accumulation, and also improved metabolic disorders in HFD rats. Furthermore, As IV decreased BP and HR, as well as NE levels in blood and renal tissue. In the hypothalamus, As IV alleviated leptin resistance as evidenced by the increased p-STAT3, LepRb mRNA and POMC mRNA, and decreased p-PI3K, SOCS3 mRNA, and PTP1B mRNA. The effects of As IV on leptin sensitivity were related in part to the up-regulated ${\alpha}7nAchR$ and suppressed $IKK{\beta}/NF-KB$ signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, since co-administration of ${\alpha}7nAChR$ selective antagonist ${\alpha}-BGT$ could weaken the improved effect of As IV on central leptin resistance. Our study suggested that As IV could efficiently prevent obesityassociated hypertension through inhibiting inflammatory reaction and improving leptin resistance; furthermore, these effects of As IV was partly related to the increased ${\alpha}7nAchR$ expression.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2011

Purpose: Many patients have fear for surgery owing to the injection of lidocaine and the possible pain in the course of the operation. To resolve such a problem the cases to do plastic surgery with monitored anesthetic care are increasing, in which something like sedatives is injected into vein without endotracheal intubation and under voluntary respiration, but the usage is now under the controversy. Methods: There were 25 patients who had surgery with local anesthesia, and another 25 patients who had surgery with monitored anesthetic care which belongs to ASA class 1 and 2 from January to April, 2009. Their anesthesia records were collected and surveys were given before and after the surgery and the surgery staff recorded OAA/S during the surgery. The postoperative surveys included the awakening during the surgery, pain, anxiety, and the degree of patient's satisfaction through visual analogue scale to identify the difference between the two methods. Results: The OAA/S results according to time lapse show that it is possible to lead a fast effective sedation and recovery with monitored anesthetic care, and monitored anesthetic care enhances both surgeon's convenience level and patient's satisfaction level, and reduces awakening, pain, and anxiety, compared to local anesthesia. Conclusion: The current paper shows about the plastic surgery, particularly the outpatient surgery, when monitored anesthetic care method is applied, it could gain a fast sedation and recovery or an effective sedation of patients. The method also has some affirmative effects in regard with surgeon's convenience and the patients' satisfaction degree and the reduction of their awakening, pain, and anxiety. With careful and adequate watch on the measures about vital signs like electrocardiogram, the degree of oxygen saturation, and blood pressure, it could clinically be very useful.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.448-451
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• 2006

발아현미의 본태성 고혈압쥐에 대한 혈압강하 효과를 조사하기 위하여 대조군, 백미군, 현미군, 발아현미군의 4가지 처리군으로 나누어 고혈압쥐를 6주간 사육후 혈압강하 효과를 비교하였다. 식이섭취량의 경우 모든 처리군에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 체중증가량과 식이효율의 경우에는 발아현미군이 각각 $86.3\;{\pm}\;11.1\;g$과 $10.4\;{\pm}\;1.4%$로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 혈압의 경우 발아현미군은 6주 경과시 $169.2{\pm}6.2\;mmHg$로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 낮을 뿐만 아니라 초기 혈압에 비해 크게 낮아진 값을 나타내었다. 중성 지질의 경우에도 발아현미군은 $138.4{\pm}29.5\;mg/dL$로 기타 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 낮은 값을 나타내었으며, 혈중 총콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 모든 처리군에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.343-346
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• 1983

제철광재(製鐵鑛滓)로 부생(副生)되는 급랭광재(急冷鑛滓)를 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料) 자원(資源)으로의 활용성(活用性)을 검토(檢討)해 보고저 포철(浦鐵)(주(株))의 급랭광재(急冷鑛滓)를 공시(供試)하여 이화학적(理化學的), 광물학적(鑛物學的) 특성(特性)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 급랭광재(急冷鑛滓)의 입자(粒子)는 주(主)로 모래알 크기로(1~2mm) 부생(副生)되며 서랭광재(徐冷鑛滓)로 제조(製造)한 현(現) 시판(市販) 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料)에 비(比)하여 조립질(粗粒質)이었으며 급랭(急冷)하므로서 광물조성(鑛物組成)이 무정질(無晶質)로 서랭광재(徐冷鑛滓)의 결정광물(結晶鑛物)과 대조적(對照的)이었다. 가용성규산(可溶性珪酸) 함량(含量)은 급랭광재(急冷鑛滓)에서 높았으며 반대(反對)로 서랭광재(徐冷鑛滓)에서는 결정성광물(結晶性鑛物)인 Akermanite, Cehlenite, Wollastonite을 다량(多量) 함유(含有)하고 있어 가용규산(可溶珪酸) 함량(含量)이 낮았다. 급랭광재(急冷鑛滓)의 수경성(水硬性) 및 입자(粒子)의 모서리가 예리(銳利)하기 때문에 직접시용(直接施用)할 경우 주의(注意)를 필요(必要)로 하나 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料) 자원(資源)으로서의 활용(活用)은 가능(可能)할 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제48권
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• pp.90-108
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• 2009

사회과학에서 현상 형태로서 제도에 대한 개념연구는 다양한 이론적 접근방법을 통해 지난 수년간 집중적으로 논의되어 왔다. 그러나 커뮤니케이션학에서는 이러한 논의가 이루어지지 않았다. 이 논문에서는 조직사회학적 신제도주의 이론을 활용, 커뮤니케이션학 분야에서 제도로서 미디어에 대한 이론논의를 시도했다. 본 연구는 사회 체계로서 미디어가 조직과 행자들에게 어떠한 영향을 행사하는지 규명하는데서 출발했다. 제도로서 미디어는 하나의 독자적인 체계로서 첫째로 규범적 당위를 제공하고, 둘째로 이러한 규범적 당위가 관철될 수 있도록 강제화하며, 셋째로 규범이 행위자에 의해서 실천되어, 넷째로 이 실천과정에서 행위자들은 제도를 인지, 우선적 선택사항을 찾아내어, 구조를 변화시킬 수 있는 영향력을 행사하게 된다. 조직은 이러한 역동적인 규범 운용에 따라 유지되는데, 이는 규범을 통해 조직의 합법성을 인정받고, 조직유지를 위한 지지를 얻을 수 있기 때문이다. 제도로서 미디어는 조직에 일정한 영향력을 행사하지만, 동시에 조직과 미디어에 종사하는 행위자로로부터 이중의 압박을 받게 된다. 이는 미디어가 조직에서 독립적으로 영향력을 행사할 수는 없고, 단지 행위자들이 조직의 수많은 갈등과정에서 생성되는 현상들을 인지하고, 이를 해석하여 중계할 뿐임을 의미한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2013

This study aimed to compare the dynamics of air temperature and velocity under two different ventilation and housing systems during summer and winter in Korea. The $NH_3$ concentration of both housing systems was also investigated in relation to the pig's growth. The ventilation systems used were; negative pressure type for the enclosed pig house (EPH) and natural airflow for the conventional pig house (CPH). Against a highly fluctuating outdoor temperature, the EPH was able to maintain a stable temperature at 24.8 to $29.1^{\circ}C$ during summer and 17.9 to $23.1^{\circ}C$ during winter whilst the CPH had a wider temperature variance during summer at 24.7 to $32.3^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature fluctuation of the CPH during winter was almost the same with that of EPH at 14.5 to $18.2^{\circ}C$. The NH3 levels in the CPH ranged from 9.31 to 16.9 mg/L during summer and 5.1 to 19.7 mg/L during winter whilst that of the EPH pig house was 7.9 to 16.1 mg/L and 3.7 to 9.6 mg/L during summer and winter, respectively. These values were less than the critical ammonia level for pigs with the EPH maintaining a lower level than the CPH in both winter and summer. The air velocity at pig nose level in the EPH during summer was 0.23 m/s, enough to provide comfort because of the unique design of the inlet feature. However, no air movement was observed in almost all the lower portions of the CPH during winter because of the absence of an inlet feature. There was a significant improvement in weight gain and feed intake of pigs reared in the EPH compared to the CPH (p<0.05). These findings proved that despite the difference in the housing systems, a stable indoor temperature was necessary to minimize the impact of an avoidable and highly fluctuating outdoor temperature. The EPH consistently maintained an effective indoor airspeed irrespective of season; however the CPH had defective and stagnant air at pig nose level during winter. Characteristics of airflow direction and pattern were consistent relative to housing system during both summer and winter but not of airspeed. The ideal air velocity measurement favored the EPH and therefore can be appropriate for the Korean environment. Further emphasis on its cost effectiveness will be the subject of future investigations.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.405-416
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate correlation between total body weight loss and local sweat rate and to find out any possible method that can estimate total body weight loss judging from local sweat rate. Twelve adult females were kept at 44 $\pm1^{\circ}C$, 50 ${\pm}5\%$ R.H. (1) Physiological responses such as total body weight loss, local sweat rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure and pulse, (2) micro climate inside garment and (3) subjective sensation were examined. Two types of garment such as long-sleeves with long pants (Type I) and half·sleeves with short pants (Type II) were used to observe the effect of garment types on sweating response. Both clothing weight was equal (132$\pm$3 g/$m^{2}$). The results were as follows: 1. Regardless of the different types, total body weight loss was more interrelated with the sweat rate on forehead than any other parts of the body. Except the forehead, different parts of body with different types of garment influenced on body weight loss quite differently. 2. Total body weight loss was more interrelated with the weight gain of garment than the local sweat rate. 3. Under the environment of 44$\pm1^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5\%$R.H., body weight loss during 1 hour of subject clothed and silted was 275.2 g/hr and weight loss per body surface area was 178.9 g/$m^{2}/hr$ Garment types have no influences on total body weight loss. 4. Local sweat rate (mg/7.07 $cm^{2}/hr$) was 208.0,191.0, 133.0, 115.0,81 0, 75.1 and 66.3 on scruff, breast, forehead, forearm, thigh, upper arm, leg respectively No evidence has been found that garment types influenced on local sweat rate (p<0.1). 5. No interrelationships between rectal temperature and total body weight loss, local skin temperature and total body weight loss, and local skin temperature and local sweat rate were found. From this study, some possible method that we can estimate total body' weight loss judging from weight loss of garment. But considering the fact that clothing design factor, the physical characteristics of fabric and environmental factor such as humidity and wind velocity should be concerned in weight loss of garment, it should be studied further whether the total body weight loss can be estimated properly from the weight loss of garment. This experiment suggest that different parts of body with different types of garment can influence on body weight loss quite differently. Therefore, in order to get more precise results, more studies under the diversity of garment types should be done in the near future.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.19-35
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• 2010

물류산업에 속한 기업의 경쟁전략은 글로벌 경쟁에서 개별 기업의 경쟁력만으로는 성장에 한계가 있기 때문에 개별 기업의 핵심역량을 결합하여 공급사슬을 형성하고, 전체 공습사슬의 관점에서 통합 및 최적화를 지향해야 할 필요가 있다. 이에 따라 기업의 물류부분에 대한 아웃소싱이 활발히 이루어지고 있는데, 이는 물류의 흐름관리가 기업의 핵심적인 전문영역이 아니면서도 경영관리상의 많은 노력과 재원을 요구하는 영역이며, 고객의 니즈 변화를 충족시키고 기업의 경쟁적 우위와 차별화의 수단으로 물류서비스에 대한 중요성을 인식하고 있기 때문이다. 국내 물류산업의 아웃소싱 현황은 주로 보관이나 운송 등 부분적인 물류기능에 치중해 있고 토털 형태의 아웃소싱인 3PL 업체의 활용단계는 아직 초보단계에 있는 것이 사실이지만, 물류시장의 개방으로 외국 업체의 진출과 화주기업의 3PL 서비스 질(3PL Service Quality)에 대한 다양한 요구는 3PL 시장의 큰 활성화를 예고하고 있다. 본 연구는 물류전문기업인 3PL 기업의 이용이 확대되고 있는 현 상황에서 서비스품질에 물류의 개념을 적용하여 3PL 기업이 제공하는 물류 서비스품질이 화주기업의 신뢰와 몰입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 또한, 화주기업과 3PL 서비스기업간의 신뢰와 몰입은 화주기업의 물류성과에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는 지를 규명하고자 한다. 연구결과, 3PL 업체에 대한 신뢰는 물류 서비스품질 요소의 가시성, 전문성에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 3PL 업체의 가용성, 가시성, 커뮤니케이션 요인이 몰입에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 화주기업의 3PL 업체에 대한 신뢰와 몰입은 화주기업의 운영적, 재무적 성과를 강화하는 것으로 분석되었다. 연구결과를 토대로, 3PL 발전방향에 대한 효과적인 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.77-92
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• 2005

가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)이 대사증후군(代謝症候群)에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 ICR mouse에 고지방식이로 비만과 대사증후군(代謝症候群)을 유도하면서 신유(腎兪)(BL23)에 상응하는 부위에 일정한 방법으로 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)후 체중, 식이효율, 혈중 glucose, insulin level, insulin resistance, 경구내당능, 혈압, 혈중지질의 변화, 지방조직의 중량과 면적, 조직학적 변화와 GLUT-4 mRNA 및 UCP-1 mRNA의 발현을 관찰하여 유의한 결과를 얻었다. 1. 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)은 체중의 증가와 식이효율의 상승을 억제하였다. 2. 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)은 혈중 glucose, insulin level 및 insulin resistance의 상승을 억제하고, 경 구내당능을 개선시켰다. 3. 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)은 혈압의 상승을 억제하였다. 4. 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)은 혈중지질의 이상을 개선시켰다. 5. 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)은 WAT, BAT 및 liver 중량의 증가를 억제하였고, WAT와 BAT의 면적과 직경의 증가를 억제하였다. 6. 가시오가피약침(五加皮藥鍼)은 GLUT-4 mRNA 및 UCP-1 mRNA 발현의 증가를 억제하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2002

This study investigated the production of insoluble dietary fiber using forest waste and the dietary effect of manufactured insoluble fiber on physiological function in rat fed high cholesterol duets. Insoluble dietary fiber was prepared from the wood chips of oak (Quercus mongolica). The best condition for steam-explosion treatment for the preparation of insonuble dietary fiber was 25 kg/cm$^3$pressure for 6 minutes. In the chemical analysis of insoluble dietary fiber pretreated by 1% sodium hydroxide solution with steam-exploded wood, $\alpha$-cellulose content was 61.7% in the insoluble dietary fiber which contained 7.6% residual lignin. In order to compare insoluble dietary fiber with commercial $\alpha$-cellulose of physiological function, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified as fiber free diet (FF group), 5% commercial $\alpha$-cellulose diet (5C group), 10% commercial $\alpha$-cellulose (l0C group), 5% insoluble dietary fiber dict (5M group), and 10% insoluble dietary fiber (10M group). The rats were fed ad libidum for 4 weeks. Food intake, weights gain, and food efficiency ratio in high cholesterol groups were higher than those of normal group, but there were no significant differences between the experimental groups. There were not any significant differences in the weights of livers, kidneys and small intestine of insoluble dietary fiber supplemented groups, but weight of cecum in all insolube dietary fiber group were significantly higher than those of FF group. A gstrointestinal transit time was decreased by supplementation of insoluble dietary fiber. Weight and water contents of feces in the insoluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were significantly higher than those of the FF group. There were not any significant differences in the activities of the glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) between the experimental groups. In conclusion, the manufactured insoluble dietary fiber and commercial insoluble fiber have the same physiological effects. The preparation method of the insoluble dietary fiber from the oak chips suited its purpose.