• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.139-153
• /
• 1985

The passive tilt has been performed to study the orthostasis on the cardiovascular system. The orthostasis due to upright tilt was demonstrated as follows: the venous return, cardiac output and systemic arteiral blood pressure were decreased, whereas there was concomitant increase of heart rate, through the negative feedback mediated by such as the baroreceptor . Previous investigators have suggested that the tolerance to the orthostasis could he increased by blocking the cholinergic fiber with atropine which prevented vasodilation and bradycardia through the vasovagal reflex during the orthostasis. However, this hypothesis has not been clearly understood. This study was attempted to clarify the effect of atropine on the tolerance of the cardiovascular system to the upright and head-down tilt, and to investigate the change of the blood flow through head and lower leg with Electromagnetic flowmeter in both tilts before and after atropine state. Fourteen anesthetized dogs of $10{\sim}14kg$ were examined by tilting from supine position to $+77^{\circ}$ upright position (orthostasis), and then to $-90^{\circ}$ head-down position (antiorthostasis) for 10 minutes on each test. And the same course was taken 20 minutes after intravenous administration of 0.5mg atropine. The measurements were made of the blood flow(ml/min.) on the carotid artery, external jugular vein, femoral artery and femoral vein. At the same time pH, $PCO_2$, $PO_2$ and hematocrit (Hct) of the arterial and venous blood, and heart rate(HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were measured. The measurements obtained from upright and head-down tilt were compared with those from supine position. The results obtained are as follows: In upright tilt, the blood flow both on the artery and the vein through head and lower leg were decreased, however the decrement of blood flow through the head was greater than the lower leg And the atropine attenuated the decrement of the blood flow on the carotid artery, but not on the vessels of the lower leg. HR was moderately increased in upright tilt, but slightly in head-down tilt. The percent change of HR after the atropine administration was smaller than that before the atropine state in both upright and head-down tilts. Before the atropine state, RR was decreased in upright tilt, whereas increased in head-down tilt. However after the atropine state, the percent change of RR was smaller than that of before the atropine state in both upright and head-down tilts. In upright tilt, venous $PCO_2$ was increased, but arterial $PO_2$ and venous $PO_2$ were slightly decreased. Hct was increased in both upright and head-down tilts. The findings of blood $PCO_2$, $PO_2$ and Hct were not interferred by the atropine. In conclusion, 1;he administration of atropine is somewhat effective on improving the cardiovascular tolerance to postural changes. Thus, atropine attenuates the severe diminution of the blood flow to the head during orthostasis, and also reduces the changes of HR and RR in both orthostasis and antiorthostasis.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.11-36
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze health behavior by comparing the difference between self-perceived health status and health examination results. The study subjects consist of 7,702 people aged over 20, surveyed by Health Interview survey, Health Examination survey, Dietary Life survey, Health Consciousness and Behavior survey. Data used in the study are drawn from raw data from a 1998 National Health and Nutrition survey. General characteristics variables are sex, age, education level, residential area, marital status, occupation, and living standard while dichotomous variables, ‘not healthy’ and ‘healthy’ are used to measure self-perceived health status. Variables for health examination results are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, liver diseases, liver inflammation, kidney diseases, normal weight, regular diet, optimum sleeping time(7-8 hours), regular health examination and health behavior practice group. Major findings of the study are as follows: 1) Analysis of self-perceived health status and health behavior by disease: Variables significantly correlated with high self-perceived health status have strong associations with high health behavior practice, which supports the hypothesis that as one has high self-perceived health status, one is more likely to practice health promoting behavior. The results of analysis of health behavior differences by dividing subjects into two categories, ‘cases of illness’ and ‘cases of no illness’ indicate that drinking, sleeping time, health examination are significant variables (p〈0.001, 0.05) whereas smoking, weight control, regular exercise, regular diet are not significant. 2) Analysis of disparity patterns between self-perceived health status and health examination: The hypothesis that health behaviors would be different according to the disparity pattern between self-perceived health status and health examination is supported as a result of χ2 test. Among Type I : Self-perceived health status is high and actual health status is good (no disease) Type II: Self-perceived health status is high and actual health status is poor(have disease) Type III: Self-perceived health status is low and actual health status is good(no disease) Type IN: Self-perceived health status is low and actual health status is poor(have disease) Type I and Type IV show no disparity, Type I shows the highest health promoting behavior whereas Type IV shows the lowest health promoting behavior. Type II, and III, compared to Type I, practise lower health promoting behavior. Multi-logistics regression analysis was conducted to find out the degree of impact on health behavior. Independent variables are general characteristics, self-perceived health status and health examination result and presence of illness, while the dependent variable is health promoting behavior. The analysis of the impact of self-perceived health status on the health promoting behavior shows that smoking, drinking, weight control, regular exercise, health examination practice, and/or regular diet are significantly correlated to self-perceived health status. High self-perceived health status is inversely related to high health promoting behavior. This finding supports the hypothesis that the higher one perceives one's health, the more likely one is to practice health promoting behavior. On the contrary, the presence of illness has little impact on health promoting behavior. 3) Multiple logistics analysis on how disparity patterns between self-perceived health status and health examination affect health behavior: The results of multiple logistics analysis made on health behavior variables compared to the standard variable are as follows: When analyzed on the standard of Type I, smoking is a significant risk factor for the Type IV. In case of drinking, all the patterns show a high probability of relative risk ratio. With regard to weight control, it is a risk factor for Type II while all the patterns show high probability of not practising when analyzed on the standard of type IV. Type III and IV show high probability of not doing regular exercise while Type IV, shows a high probability of not taking appropriate sleeping time. When analyzed on the standard of type IV, all the patterns show a high probability of not taking health examinations. Type III and IV show a high probability of not having regular meals. As for overall health promoting behavior, Type III and IV show a high relative risk ratio. These two groups have low self-perceived health status. It implies that self-perceived health status has significant impact on health promoting behavior. This is also supported by the fact that Type I with high self-perceived health status and no illness shows a high practice rate of health promoting behavior. Types II and III the groups with high disparity between self-perceived health status and health examination results, show a low practice rate of health promoting behavior when compared to Type I. Type IV, that is the group with low self-perceived health status and actual illness, shows the lowest practice of health promoting behavior. It is highly probable that this type proves to be the poorest health group.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.182-196
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic resources for developing a parish nursing program. We did this by investigating what demands were made on the parish nursing service by the parishes or churches under review. The subjects of this study were 96 pastors located throughout the City of Busan. NP (New paragraph) $\gg$ We conducted our research by utilizing a modified version of the study created by Hwang (2000) and by using the help of prior research and professionals gathered from the parish nurse questionnaire by Djupe (1990). The data in this study were collected from July 1 to Oct. 31, 2001, using the questionnaire method. The Data were analyzed by: (a) frequency: (b) percentage: (c) mean: (d) standard deviation, and x^2-test$ with SPSS/PC program. The study has found the follows: 1. For subjects making demands on the parish nursing service, 95.8% were in need of using the services of parish nurses. On the demands of parish nursing service for the subjects, 95.8% the necessity of parish nursing services. And they answered by their intention of asking for parish nursing service practice. 2. Of the subjects under review, 71.9% were part-time workers and 28.1% were full-time employees 71.9% of part time and 28.1% of full times duty. In terms of the method of pay for work, 41.8% were pay free or freelance while 51.2% were on salary. And engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher was 88.5%. 3. The demand for nursing services in various categories were as follows. (a) hospice care: (4.02 1.11), (b) health screening: (3.98 1.09), (c) home visiting: (3.97 1.16), (d) group health education: (3.81 1.12), (e) organization of volunteer groups: (3.75 1.12), (f) individual health education: (3.75 1.14), (g) advice on choosing hospital or hospital consultation: (3.69 1.21) and (h) individual counseling: (3.51 1.31). 4. In terms of the specific services rendered by parish nurses. our study found that services were needed for the following: physical symptom management; preparation before death in spiritual preparation for death, blood pressure check in health examination, home visiting where the patient makes phone call, management of chronic disease in group health education, disease management in individual health education, advice on choosing hospital, or hospital consultation: and physical problems in individual counseling. 5. With respect to whether there was a correlation between what church a pastor came from and the types of demands made, there was NO significant difference found. 6. In relation to the characteristics of the subjects and their church and the hope demands (duty pattern and method of payment and engagement intention of parish nurse as preacher) for parish nurses, these had non significant differences. In conclusion, the perception of parish nursing service is very high. Moreover, we found that there is a great demand for well ordered parish nursing services to promote the health of each congregation. Before doing so, it would be better to make things known and to consider the relevant characteristics shown in the researched results.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.533-538
• /
• 2006

Purpose : The headache, one of the symptoms of meningitis, is related to abrupt elevation of intracranial pressure(ICP) or stimulation of intracranial nociceptive structure. However, in cases of mild elevation of ICP or normal findings of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) analysis, patients sometimes complain of headaches. Therefore, other pathways may contribute to the occurrence of headaches in aseptic meningitis or meningismus. We intend to investigate the role of substance P(SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) in aseptic meningitis or meningismus. Methods : We measured leukocyte count, the concentration of protein and glucose in CSF and ICP of patients with meningeal irritation sign. We also measured SP and CGRP levels by using immunoassay. We analyzed the relationship between the presence of headache and the value of SP and CGRP. Results : The concentrations of CGRP($18.8{\pm}10.5ng/mL$) in CSF and ICP($14.8{\pm}4.5cmH_2O$) in aseptic meningitis group were significantly higher than in those($14.1{\pm}7.4ng/mL$ and $12.0{\pm}5.1cmH_2O$, respectively) of the meningismus group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the SP levels between the two groups. In the aseptic meningitis group, the concentrations of SP and CGRP were significantly higher in the normal ICP group than in the elevated ICP group(P<0.05). Conclusion : Headaches in children with aseptic meningitis or meningismus is considered to be related to the elevation of the CSF levels of SP and CGRP.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.93-100
• /
• 2011

Maintenance of adequate soil water potential during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil water movement within and below the rooting zone can facilitate optimal irrigation scheduling aimed at minimizing the adverse effects of water stress on crop growth and development and the leaching of water below the root zone which can have adverse environmental effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a portable irrigation controller with an Watermark sensor for the cultivation of drip-irrigated vegetable crops in a greenhouse. The control capability of the irrigation controller for a soil water potential of -20 kPa was evaluated under summer conditions by cultivating 45-day-old tomato plants grown in three differently textured soils (sandy loam, loam, and loamy sands). Water contents through each soil profile were continuously monitored using three Sentek probes, each consisting of three capacitance sensors at 10, 20, and 30 cm depths. Even though a repeatable cycling of soil water potential occurred for the potential treatment, the lower limit of the Watermark (about 0 kPa) obtained in this study presented a limitation of using the Watermark sensor for optimal irrigation of tomato plants where -20 kPa was used as a point for triggering irrigations. This problem might be related to the slow response time and inadequate soil-sensor interface of the Watermark sensor as compared to a porous and ceramic cup-based tensiometer with a sensitive pressure transducer. In addition, the irrigation time of 50 to 60 min at each of the irrigation operation gave a rapid drop of the potential to zero, resulting in over irrigation of tomatoes. There were differences in water content among the three different soil types under the variable rate irrigation, showing a range of water contents of 16 to 24%, 17 to 28%, and 24 to 32% for loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils, respectively. The greatest rate increase in water content was observed in the top of 10 cm depth of sandy loam soil within almost 60 min from the start of irrigation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.163-173
• /
• 2001

The dynamic behavior characteristics of a small fishing crane for inshore and coastal fishing vessels was experimentally analyzed in order to improve the fishing operation and to reduce considerably manual work of fisherman. The small fishing crane was designed to be controlled electro-hydraulically by means of proportional valves and solenoid valves, and also to be controlled the speed of each operation. The dynamic behavior characteristics was investigated by measuring the changes of parameters such as oil pressure, swing angle of load, load tension, the lifting angle and the swing angle of crane arm when the arms extended in a side way was given a test load. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The designed small fishing crane can be proportionally controlled by means of proportional valves and rapidly by operating the solenoid valves, respectively. The capacity, turning angle, maximum reach of crane were 2 T-M, $180^\circ$, 3.7m, respectively. 2. The vertical change of crane arm on the extension of lifting cylinder was $1.2^\circ$/cm, and the swing speed of crane arm due to the extension of swing cylinder by on/off operations of solenoid valves was $15^\circ$/sec, with the swing period of 1.4 sec and the angle fluctuation of $\pm$11.0$^{\circ}$. 3. When changing simultaneously the horizontal and vertical positions of the lifting load by on/off operations of solenoid valves, the swing and lifting speeds of crane arm were $4.46^\circ$/sec and $6.4^\circ$/sec, respectively. 4. The movements of the designed crane were particularly smooth as they are controlled with the aid of proportional valves than by means of solenoid valves.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.117-131
• /
• 2006

A coupled T-H-M(Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical) analysis was carried out for KENTEX (KAERI Engineering-scale T-H-M Experiment for Engineered Barrier System), which is a facility for validating the coupled T-H-M behavior in the engineered barrier system of the Korean reference HLW(high-level waste) disposal system. The changes of temperature, water saturation, and stress were estimated based on the coupled T-H-M analysis, and the influence of the types of mechanical constitutive material laws was investigated by using elastic model, poroelastic model, and poroelastic-plastic model. The analysis was done using ABAQUS, which is a commercial finite element code for general purposes. From the analysis, it was observed that the temperature in the bentonite increased sharply for a couple of days after heating the heater and then slowly increased to a constant value. The temperatures at all locations were nearly at a steady state after about 37.5 days. In the steady state, the temperature was maintained at $90^{\circ}C$ at the interface between the heater and the bentonite and at about $70^{\circ}C$ at the interface between the bentonite and the confining cylinder. The variation of the water saturation with time in bentonite was almost same independent of the material laws used in the coupled T-H-M processes. By comparing the saturation change of T-H-M and that of H-M(Hydro-Mechanical) processes using elastic and poroelastic material mod31 respectively, it was found that the degree of saturation near the heater from T-H-M calculation was higher than that from the coupled H-M calculation mainly because of the thermal flux, which seemed to speed up the saturation. The stresses in three cases with different material laws were increased with time. By comparing the stress change in H-M calculation using poroelasetic and poroelasetic-plastic model, it was possible to conclude that the influence of saturation on the stress change is higher than the influence of temperature. It is, therefore, recommended to use a material law, which can model the elastic-plastic behavior of buffer, since the coupled T-H-M processes in buffer is affected by the variation of void ratio, thermal expansion, as well as swelling pressure.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.512-519
• /
• 2009

Among patients who visited each clinical department for oriental medical treatments, anthropometric measurement, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profile level were measured at their first initial visit. 55 subject patients who were diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome and 150 mg/dL or more of triglyceride were selected as subjects whose fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were measured after fasting. According to each patient's disease, the subject received treatments such as herb medicine, acupuncture, moxibustion, cupping therapy, physical therapy and rehabilitation therapy from each clinical department, and after an average of 4.10${\pm}$0.31 weeks, another test was performed yielding the following results. Serum triglyceride was 243.72${\pm}$13.05 mg/dL before the oriental medical treatment and 188.11${\pm}$12.17 mg/dL after the treatment where although it continued to show an abnormal value even after the treatment, there was statistically significant decrease compared to pre treatment(P<0.05). Serum total cholesterol was 207.50${\pm}$5.89 mg/dL before the oriental medical treatment and 192.37${\pm}$5.53 mg/dL after the treatment which was statistically insignificant compared to pre treatment(P>0.05). Serum HDL cholesterol was 51.19${\pm}$3.95 mg/dL before the oriental medical treatment and increased to 52.53${\pm}$1.49 mg/dL after the treatment although it was statistically insignificant compared to pre treatment(P>0.05). Serum LDL cholesterol was 110.66${\pm}$5.86 mg/dL before the oriental medical treatment and decreased to 106.12${\pm}$4.82 mg/dL after the treatment although it was statistically insignificant compared to pre treatment(P>0.05). In regards to the change of triglyceride for each sex, it was 221.84${\pm}$14.01 mg/dL before the treatment and 187.00${\pm}$15.47 mg/dL after the treatment for men, and it was 271.50${\pm}$22.78 mg/dL and 189.53${\pm}$19.76 mg/dL respectively for women where even though men and women showed the decrease of 34.84${\pm}$12.79 mg/dL and 81.96${\pm}$20.01 mg/dL respectively, both men and women continue to show abnormal values after the treatments. However, there was statistically significant decrease compared to pre treatment(P<0.05). In regards to the change of total cholesterol for each sex, with 198.24${\pm}$7.60 mg/dL for men before the treatment and 188.93${\pm}$7.45 mg/dL after the treatment, values for both before and after the treatment were within the normal range where the change value was 9.30${\pm}$5.86 mg/dL and statistically insignificant(P>0.05). For women, it was 219.26${\pm}$8.87 mg/dL and 196.73${\pm}$8.43 mg/dL respectively for women where with 22.53${\pm}$7.60 mg/dL, it decreased to the normal level after the treatment, and there was a statistically significant decrease compared to pre treatment(P<0.05). With such results, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels of patients who have been diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome were observed to decrease after the oriental medical treatment. Especially, for both men and women, abnormally high triglyceride level decreased while the effect of lipid profile improvement for women was more significant compared to men.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.25-36
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between coronary artery calcification and risk factors of cardiovascular disease with multidetector computed tomography. Methods: Data were collected from 5,899 males between 30 and 59 years old by interview, survey, physical examination, blood test, and multidetector computed tomography in the university hospital from January 2010 to December 2011. We confirmed the coronary artery calcium scores of subjects by multidetector computed tomography and identified risk factors of cardiovascular disorders. We investigated the relationship between coronary artery calcification and risk factors of cardiovascular disorders. Results: Mean calcium score of the coronary arteries in 5,899 participants was 8.20, and 773 participants (13.1%) exhibited coronary artery calcification. The presence of coronary artery calcification was correlated to risk factors of cardiovascular disease (age, blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, Apolipoprotein A-1, Apolipoprotein B, body mass index, waist circumference) and risk assessment tools of cardiovascular disorders. Significant predicted factors of coronary artery calcification had different patterns in each age group (30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years old). Conclusions: We confirmed the relationship between coronary artery calcification and either typical risk factors of cardiovascular disease or risk assessment tools of cardiovascular disease. In addition, we also observed that the pattern of these factors varied according to age. Therefore, age-related variation needs to be considered in management strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.358-372
• /
• 1987

This study was performed to obtain data which can be applied to use of water-proof mortars. The data was based on the properties of water-proof mortars depending upon various mixing ratios to compare those of cement mortar. The water-proof agents used were retard and accelerate type which are being used as mortar structures. The water-proof agents, mixing ratios of cement to fine aggregate were 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. The results obtained were summarised as follows; 1. The results of flow test, water-cement ratio was increased with the increasing of mixing ratio. 2. The permeability were increased in poorer mixing ratio and higher water pressure. 3. The bulk density was decreased with the increasing of mixing ratio, and compressive and tensile strength were increased with increasing of the bulk density. 4. At 1:1 mixing ratio, the highest strengths were showed and strengths were decreased with the increasing of mixing ratio. 5. The absorption rates were increased in- poorer mixing ratio 6. The correlation between W/C, permeability, bulk density, compressive strength and absorption rate were highly significant as a straight line, respectively.