• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.3-21
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• 2020

This study focuses on the binding power of the interim measures of the arbitral tribunal in ICSID arbitration and the effects of non-compliance. Upon consideration of the intentions of those who made these rules, given the interpretation of the provisions of Article 47 of the ICSID Convention and Article 39 of the ICSID Arbitration Rules, it was found reasonable to consider that the interim measures made by the arbitral tribunal in ICSID arbitration were not binding. However, in actual ICSID arbitration, most arbitral tribunals approve the binding power of the interim measures based on the purposes and the characteristics of the interim measures. As such, there is a certain distance between the legislative intention for interim measures in ICSID arbitration and the judicial practice, but considering the demand for maintaining the integrity of the arbitration procedure, it is reasonable to consider that the interim measures are binding. In addition, the fact that the interim measures have binding power can increase the possibility that the party will comply with the interim measures. Thus, the binding power of interim measures not only encourages voluntary compliance to the interim measures of the party, but can also cause negative consequences for the party if it is not met. In other words, the arbitral tribunal will be able to form negative inferences against the party who does not comply with it in a procedural side, and in the practical side, the party who does not comply with the interim measures will be compensated for the additional damages for non-compliance.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2014

Many government agencies have used domestic deacidification equipments to stabilize archives; however, no agency has verified archives' current preservative status. We studied the Nara National Archives' documents that had treated by mass deacidification process from 2001 to 2012, in order to examine the documents' preservative status and how efficient the mass deacidification has been. Approximately 1% of total 112,970 Nara National Archives' documents treated by mass deacidification were randomly selected and evaluated on their current measure of acidity and color change. Regardless of the kinds of document material, a wide range of pH level was found. Especially those documents that were treated by mass deacidification equipment after 2006 showed acidic conditions that were less than pH 6.8 level. Those documents were probably not treated properly by deacidifying chemical because of tightly packing style. The current measures of acidity and color records will be useful as a reference for future evaluations of further decay of the documents. It was the first study to evaluate acidity and color conditions of Nara National Archives' documents treated by mass deacidification equipment. We concluded that when using mass deacidification equipment, archives should not be loaded tightly in order for them to be fully in contact with deacidifying chemical.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.667-673
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• 2019

The performance of a wooden deck made of refractory materials that have difficulties in achieving target penetrations as stipulated in the specification and quality standards for treated wood in Korea, was assessed via a case study in this research. A wooden deck built in Jinju in 2009 was selected for this study because of its fabrication method using pressure and treated refractory materials. The penetration and retention analysis did not satisfy the domestic standard for treated wood. Inspection of the deck in 2019 revealed that the deck had been attacked by decay fungi. Cap rails showed much deeper and wider checking on their surface compared with the top and base rails, resulting in a severe fungal attack. The decking boards exhibited severe fungal decay primarily in the end parts. However, the rails and balusters without checks and posts were virtually free of fungal attack irrespective of the preservative penetration measures. Copper content in the soil 5 cm away from the deck was less than 150 mg/kg, implying that copper movement in the soil was very limited. These results suggest that the inhibition of surface propagation and the protection of end surfaces are essential factors in increasing the longevity of treated wooden decks; further, the results also showed that the deck was within an acceptable range from the point of copper contamination.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.278-284
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• 1990

김치류가 시어지는 현상은 재료 중의 발효성 당을 주로 젖산균이 발효하여 산이 과다하게 생기기 때문이므로 우선 배추의 품종별 또 재배계절별 가용성 고형물 함량을 측정하고 이들 배추를 발효하여 배추가 갖는 가용성 고형물 함량과 김치의 최종적정산도를 비교하였다. 봄배추의 가용성 고형물 함량은 $1.20{\sim}3.40^{\circ}\;Brix$로서 발효가 완전히 끝나는데 걸리는 시간은 $8{\sim}14$일로서 비교적 짧았으며 최종적정산도는 $1.17{\sim}1.66%$이었고 가을배추의 경우 가용성 고형물 함량은 $3.80{\sim}6.60^{\circ}\;Brix$로서 $37{\sim}44$일만에 발효가 끝났으며 최종적정산도는 $1.87{\sim}2.70%$였다. 따라서 발효하여 최종으로 얻을 수 있는 산도는 대체적으로 원료에 함유된 가용성 고형물 함량에 비례하며 그 관계는 Y=0.30X+0.7779이었다. 적당히 발효된 김치류의 적정산도(Y)의 범위를 $0.6{\sim}0.8%$로 하자면 위의 식에서 X(가용성 고형물의 함량)가 $0.02^{\circ}\;Brix$ 이내의 범위에 있어야 한다. 지금까지 분석된 배추의 최저 가용성 고형물 함량은 $1.20^{\circ}\;Brix$ 이어서 위 X의 범위에 드는 품종을 얻기란 현재로서는 불가능하다.