• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.458-469
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• 2003

Hypothesis is defined as a proposition intended as a possible explanation for an observed phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to generate a grounded theory on the process of undergraduate students' generating hypothesis-knowledge about scientific episodes. Three hypothesis-generating tasks were administered to four college students majored in science education. The present study showed that college students represented five types of intermediate knowledge in the process of hypothesis generation, such as question situation, hypothetical explicans, experienced situation, causal explicans, and final hypothetical knowledge. Furthermore, students used six types of thinking methods, such as searching knowledges, comparing a question situation and an experienced situation, borrowing explicans, combining explicans, selecting an explican, and confirming explicans. In addition, hypothesis-generating process involves inductive and deductive reasoning as well as abductive reasoning. This study also discusses the implications of these findings for teaching and evaluating in science education.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.729-758
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• 2009

The domestic Gifted education is evaluated to attain many achievements and to reach stable circle in short term. What about the present situation of artistic talent education which is one of the talent education areas, especially music talent education? The result of domestic Gifted education can be comprehensively understood by actually searching the present situation of diverse Gifted education areas. In this sense, this research aims to search the overall situation of domestic music talent education and to draw the tasks to be improved later mainly on the basis of important matters for efficient operation of music talent education. Thus far, many researches have been made mainly through quantitative statistical data or survey materials in the form of questionnaire. Meanwhile, this research tries to deeply understand the problems that have been superficially managed so far by collecting the voice of diverse practical staffs related to music talent education for comprehensive analysis and investigation. This research is meaningful in that it establishes the direction of more effective music talent education in the future by lessening the gap between policy and reality, intent and result, etc through diverse comprehension of actual situation and position related to music talent education and provides the basic materials based on reality to cultivate teacher and administrator and to develop curriculum.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.37-56
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• 2006

Introducing International Style, P. Johnson and H. R. Hitchcock gave three standards to be the Modern, volume and surface, regularity, and exclusion of applied decoration. In spite of the negation of stylistic, formal approach in the Modernist Manifestoes, one usually have understood Modernity in Architecture with its formal character, especially with no ornament and flat, abstract, white surface. Modernism as a new paradigm in architecture have emphasized that there is no representation of anything outside and only present architecture in itself. They said that Modernism only cared about the language of Architecture without figural reference. So apparently there is no way to prove to its Modernity with formal condition. Modernity is in Spirit and contents. But actually we understand well its existence by visual communication This study deals with this difficult situation how Modernity represents itself without visual media and asks the question how simultaneously it presents its thingness and materiality In order to analyse contradictory situation between representation and presentation in Modern Architecture we need to survey the historical process of changing position of ornaments and its meaning in time. With the crisis of representation the role of ornament have seriously changed and divided. It caused the two situation in pre-Modern Architecture. Firstly, Architecture tend to be a high art and formal expression became important much more. The Use of Ornament became a kind of fashion to show the power, class, money. Secondly, Ornament lost its cultural weight and the structure and material aspect became the central in architecture. Rational Structuralism would be the essential character in Modern Architecture. Here the theory of G. Semper and A. Loos on cladding(dressing) and Ornament can help its problems and limits. In the situation without conventional ornament Modernists need to present modernity with new media that only show the thing itself and by that it does not represent any thing else as like the value, idea outside buildings. They believed that only it concerned esthetics and morality in architecture. But in reality it referred to art and machines as like ships, aircraft, and cars. By excluding Ornament and showing the process of clearing, abstract, flat, white surface 'represent' Modernity by the indirect way referring the concept of transparency, reason, sanitation, tectonics, etc. An Ideology and myth intervened architectural discourse to make the doxa about the representation in Architecture. Surface must be a different kind of media and message that can communicate in different way with compared to conventional Ornament. Decorated Shed by R. Venturi and Post-Functionalism by P. Eisenman, that are the most famous post-modern discourse, shows well difficult and contradictory condition in contemporary architecture concerning representation and form, meaning and form.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.71-90
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• 1985

^x This study is composed of four Process. Process 1 suggests the background, purpose and necessity to provide with criteria for establishing Korean-style house preservation area including the present situation of the established area in our country. Also it is provided with the approach and the substantial realm to discuss the established criteria for the subject of this thesis. Process 2 dealt with theoretical parts as a premise to suggest the established criteria for the Korean- style house preservation area : 1) Original background of the Korean- style house, characteristic of the Korean traditional housing, changed situation of the Korean- style house based on the epoch, classified into the characteristic of the Korean- style house. 2) The characteristic of the Korean- style house and its values existed in the present urban areas are investigated by synthesizing such contents. 3) The significance for establishing the preservation area of the Korean- style houses in urban areas which is insufficient systematically in suggested as follows : First, establishment of the preservation area of the Korean- style houses with regard to the traditional succession of cultural properties. Second, acknowledging preservation problems of cultural properties in our country due to the world- wide tendency, preservation of historical environment of new comprehensive concept for the preservation of cultural properties. Process 3, as a case study on the establishment of the preservation area, describes a framework for investigating and analyzing the status by reviewing the present situation of the Korean- style preservation area in Seoul city which is established as the preservation area. Process 4 suggests seven criteria with regard to the establishment of the preservation area. 1) A decisive criterion for the Korean- style house to divide into Korean- style house and non- Korean style house (proper building and nonproper building) for the preservation. 2) A concrete decisive criterion for the Korean- style house with regard to valuable endowment with dominent factors in its landscape. 3) A decisive criterion for the review of the landscape preservation for the nonproper building. 4) Suggesting logical evidences for the above second and third criterion (suggesting appropriateness). 5) Dividing into following two criteria for the decision of the building condition. a) A decisive criterion of the Korean- style house's condition. b) A decisive criterion of non- Korean style house's condition. 6) A selective criterion for the preservation building after synthesizing above five criteria. 7) Final criterion for establishing the preservation area with regard to systematic particulars.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.131-157
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• 2012

Despite the voluminous research on switching barriers, the notion that they can generate negative responses has not been investigated. Further, a critical question is what determines the strength of such negative responses. To address this question, the classic theory of psychological reactance is briefly reviewed, and the idea of switching barrier is advanced. This study attempts to suggest a model on the negative effects of switching- frustrated situation, based on the studies on psychological reactance. According to psychological reactance theory(Brehm 1966), whenever a freedom is threatened or removed, individuals are motivated, at least temporarily, to restore their freedom. For example, if individuals think they are free to engage in behaviors .v, y, or z, then threatening their freedom to engage in x would cause psychological reactance. This reactance could be reduced by an increase in the perceived attractiveness of engaging in, the threatened behavior(Kivetz 2005). This investigation seeks to extend existing switching barrier research in three important ways. First, while the past research has emphasized only positive role of switching barrier, this study address negative role of it by applying psychological reactance theory. Second, to find negative results of switching barrier, I suggest negative psychological response including regret to the past choice, resentment to the present provider, and strong desire to the alternative provider. Third, I suggest the perceived severity of the switching barriers, the attractiveness of the alternative as switching-frustrated situation which can lead to negative results. And, in addition to these relationships, I added moderated effects of perceived justice for better explanation. So this study includes the following hypotheses. H1-1 ~ H1-3: The attractiveness of the alternative has a positive effect regret to the past choice (h1-1), resentment to the present provider (h1-2), and strong desire to the alternative provider (h1-3). H2-1 ~ H2-3 : The perceived severity of the switching barrier has a positive effect regret to the past choice (h2-1), resentment to the present provider (h2-2), and strong desire to the alternative provider (h2-3). H3-1 ~ H3-3 : The positive relationships between the attractiveness of the alternative and consumer' negative responses will be stronger at low level of perceived justice than at high level of perceived justice. H4-1 ~ H4-3 : The positive relationships between the perceived severity of the switching barrier and consumer' negative responses will be stronger at low level of perceived justice than at high level of perceived justice. Survey research is employed to test hypotheses involving perceived severity of the switching barrier(Hess 2008), attractiveness of the alternative(Anderson and Narus 1990; Ohanian 1990),regret(Glovich and Medvec 1995), resentment, strong desire(Alcohol Urge Questionaire: Bohn et al. 1995), perceived justice(Bies and Moag 1986; Clemmer 1993; Lind and Tyler 1998). Previous researches, such as reactance theory, emotion and service failure, have been referenced to measure constructs. All items were measured on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". We collected data involving various service field, and used 249 respondents to analyze these data using the moderated regression. The results of our analysis suggest, as expected, that the perceived severity of the switching barrier had positive effects on regret to the past choice(b = .197, p< .01), resentment to the present provider(b = .214, p< .01), and strong desire to the alternative provider(b = .254, p< .001). And the attractiveness of the alternative had positive effects on regret to the past choice(b = .353, p<.001), resentment to the present provider(b = .174, p< .01), and strong desire to the alternative provider(b = .265, p< .001). However, our findings indicate perceived justice partly moderates relationship between switching-frustrated situation and psychological negative response. The study has brought to light a number of insights between switching barriers and consumer' negative responses that have been subject to little prior research. In particular, this study adds to the existing understanding of the psychological responses to switching barriers in switching- frustrated situation. This research therefore has significance to marketers for strategic marketing programs, particularly in terms of customer retention and switching barrier strategies. Since consumers could exhibit negative responses to switching barrier, companies would be able to lose their customer when they thoughtlessly use switching barrier for remaining customer. Although the study has these contributions, there are several limitations including unsupported hypotheses and research method. So, we need to make up for these limitations in the future researches.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.765-774
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to suggest an instructional direction for improving scientific problem-finding ability. For this purpose, the present study made an in-depth analysis about activity on problem finding tasks of high school students in an ill-structured scientific problem situation. Subjects were divided into two groups (cooperative and individual) and two kinds of problem finding tasks were administered to two groups. Results indicated that a cooperative activity on problem finding happened to a series of steps exploring problem situation, expressing knowledge and experience, discussing provisional problems, creating various problems and selecting the best problem. Besides, a cooperative activity on problem finding depended heavily on prior knowledge and experience, and in the meantime, various scientific concepts turned out to naturally be expressed. As for the problems found out during a cooperative activity, their scores in creativity factors, including the degree of agreement in original problem selection came out to be on the whole, as excellent. In addition, the types of the problems found out in open problem situation showed that they were more various than those found out in closed problem situation. Subjects perceived that activity on problem finding had positive influence on scientific concept and science process skills. Findings of this study have the following educational implications: First, it is needed to prepare for educational environment that enables students to explore various knowledge and information. Second, the offering of various opportunities is needed to enlarge the scope of scientific knowledge and experience. Third, it is needed to prepare for a study atmosphere that lets students express their knowledge and experiences freely.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2016

2014 Venice Biennale of Architecture, presented by general director Rem Koolhaas, has shown the distinct difference between his present displays and past displays. Under the theme of FUNDAMENTALS and ABSORBING MODERNITY, Rem Koolhaas has developed his own unique way which is a research-oriented display technique to explain the difference at the exhibition. The purpose of this study is to define a research-oriented display technique as realism rhetoric for the opened dialectic and identify its aspect of a methodic approach. This report investigated not only Rem Koolhaas's thought and theoretical approach through his work but also the comparison of between his present and past displays. His display is based on the constellation of Central Pavilion, National Pavilions, and Arsenale display and reflected the reality of architecture in self-deception through the metonymical interaction of various facts and records. Rem Koolhaas called it the composition of contradiction. In his work, the spatial situation which is the present has been made with the intervention of historical events and has revived the reality of architecture. Also, the present is a montage of the strict control of architecture, the isolation from the architecture itself, and the autonomic communication with other fields. Finally, as a result of his work, Rem Koolhaas has shown that his display is not the end of phase but a phase of creation.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-77
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• 2003

Although Korean government has made a great deal of investment on R&D projects, corresponding amount of efforts has not been effectively made for their commercialization. Effective technology transfer can help to spread the results of IT R&D programs. The main objective of this study is to provide some strategies for successful commercialization in lieu of technology transfer program at home and abroad. We summarize the present situation of IT R&D programs and analyze the obstacles to improve the process of materializing technology transfer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.08a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2012

High efficiency thin film photovoltaic device technology is reviewed. At present market situation, the industrial players of thin film technologies have to confront the great recession and need to change their market strategies and find technical alternatives again. Most recent technology trends and technical or industrial progress for Silicon thin film and CIGS are introduced and common interests for high efficiency and reliability are discussed.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.43-49
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• 1996

In this paper, the south-north railway transportation demand and the present situation of Huning line(from Shanghai to Nanjing) are analyzed, and the important significance and the simulation, we also discuss the transportation organization plans, the transportation capacities, the stage by stage implement programs and the comprehensive social economic benefits on the condition of raising the train speed on Huning line.