• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.129-134
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• 2002

The radiosurgery is planned that prescribed dose was irradiated to tumor for obtaining expected remedial value in stereotactic radiosurgery. The planning for many irregular tumor shape requires long computation time and skilled planners. Due to the rapid development in computer power recently, many optimization methods using computer has been proposed, although the practical method is still trial and error type of plan. In this study, many beam variables were considered and many tumor shapes were assumed cylinderical ideal models. Then, beam variables that covered the target within 50％ isodose curve were searched, the result was compared and analysed. The beam variables considered were isocenter separation distance, number of isocenters and collimator size. Dose distributions obtained with these variables were analysed by dose volume histogram(DVH) and dose profile at orthogonal plane. According to the results compared, the use of more isocenters than specified isocenter dosen't improve DVH and dose profile but only increases complexity of plan. The best result of DVH and dose profile are obtainedwhen isocenter separation was 1.0-1.2 in using same number of isocenter.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2012

Licorice is a very useful herbal medicine frequently prescribed, but glycyrrhizin, one of its components, can cause pseudoaldosteronism presenting hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and hypertension as a result of prolonging a biological half-life of systemic steroid by strongly inhibiting the enzyme $11{\beta}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. The risk factors for this side effect are still unclear. Here, 479 hospitalized patients taking herbal medicines including licorice for more than five days were recruited to analyze their serum potassium levels, under following parameters ; age and gender of patient, dose and period of licorice, disease state such as hypertension and with or without diuretics. They were divided into the non-occurrence group (over 3.5 mEq/L) and the occurrence group (under 3.5 mEq/L) of hypokalemia based on serum potassium levels during hospitalization. The average ages of the non-occurrence group and the occurrence group were $52.6{\pm}17.8$ and $68{\pm}10.5$, respectively (p < 0.001). But there were no noticeable differences in the daily dose of licorice, days of taking, and total dose between groups. Regression analysis showed that odd ratio of age (>60) and taking diuretics inducing hypokalemia was 3.5 (95%CI 1.5-8.1), 4.6 (95%CI 2.0-10.9) that indicates significant correlation with hypokalemia. Based upon this analysis, it is imperative to monitor regularly the risk of pseudoaldosteronism or hypokalemia not only when administered licorice of high dose for long period but also when combined it with diuretics causing hypokalemia to the elderly patients over 60 year old.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

Objectives : To find antipruritic herbal medicines, we screened the water extracts of four herbal medicines which have been frequently prescribed to treat dermatologic diseases in oriental medicine. Methods : Water extracts of Bupleuri Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Puerariae Radix were administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg to male ICR mice. 1 hour later, serotonin hydrochloride dissolved in physiologic saline at a concentration of 100 nmol / 50${\mu}{\ell}$ was administered intradermally to the nape of the neck at a dose of 50${\mu}{\ell}$. Then the scratching behavior was observed. Dry skin pruritus was induced with cutaneous application of acetone / ether (1:1) mixture and water (AEW) to the rostral back of male ICR mice, twice a day for 5 days. 14 hours after the last application, the most effective material in the first experiment was administered perorally at doses of 75, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg. 1 hour later, the scratching behavior was observed. Results : Water extracts of Puerariae Radix significantly inhibited the serotonin-induced scratching behavior and the mean of scratching bouts was reduced by half compared with the control group. Bupleuri Radix group also showed a 29% decrease in the mean of scratching bouts, but there was no statistical significance. Water extracts of Puerariae Radix also inhibited the AEW-induced scratching behavior, in a dose-dependent manner. The dose of 150 mg/kg showed the highest and statistically significant antipruritic effect. Conclusions : These results suggest that Puerariae Radix and its constituents have antipruritic effect, and are new candidates as antipruritic agents.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1345-1350
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• 2019

Our recent study has revealed that in vivo intestinal transit rate (ITR) in normal mice was significantly increased by the administration of an aqueous extract of dried Gentiana scabra rhizomes and roots (GS-W) in a dose-dependent manner. Following on from our previous study, the effect of GS-W on ITR was measured in mice with experimentally induced gastrointestinal motility dysfunctions (GMDs) in the present study. GS-W showed no significant acute toxicity even at an oral dose of 5 g/kg to mice. ITR was significantly retarded in the GMD mice compared with that in normal mice, and this retardation was significantly recovered by the oral administration of GS-W in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the ITR value of GS-W at a dose of 1 g/kg appeared to be higher than that of cisapride, which was predominantly prescribed for human patients with various GMDs in the late 1900s but was withdrawn from the market in 2000 due to its fatal side effects. The current results suggest that GS-W is a potential substitute for cisapride to prevent or alleviate human GMDs.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.141-145
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• 2017

This paper uses a glass dosimeter to evaluate the lens-absorbed dose of scattered radiation generated in tomotherapy intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The head and neck portion of the rando phantom was subjected to a CT scan. The tomotherapy plan was designed to ensure delivery of the prescribed total 70 Gy day 2.2 Gy. With the lens portion of the glass dosimeter, a 5mm bolus was subjected to the scattered radiation treatment, and the dose was measured in each of the three megavoltage CT (MVCT) modes. The result is multiplied by 30 times and was determined once as the mean value. The measurement at the MVCT Coarse mode is RT mode 10.797 mGy, that for the Normal mode is 13.360 mGy, for the Fine mode is a maximum of 22.872 mGy, and for the treatment mode is 895.830 mGy. A small amount of scattered radiation in the MVCT is measured in the lens scattered radiation, but scattered radiation during treatment was measured to be near 1 Gy on the lens. Compared to a one-time radiation treatment of 2.2 Gy, the survey showed something unexpected in that it was half the value of that research to the patient. Therefore, will be aware of how much of an influence there will be on sensitive organs, such as the lens by scattered radiation generated during intensity modulated radiation therapy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.384-389
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• 2018

Background: Airway anastomotic complications are a leading cause of mortality after lung transplantation. Among the factors that cause airway complications, preoperative steroid use has been considered to be related with postoperative airway healing. We analyzed the influence of preoperative steroid use on postoperative airway complications. Methods: The medical records of 66 double-lung transplant recipients from January 2014 to December 2015 were reviewed. Forty patients were prescribed steroids preoperatively. The daily steroid dose was standardized using the patient's body mass index (BMI). Patients who received preoperative steroids were sub-divided into high-dose (HD) and low-dose (LD) groups (cut-off value, 1.6 mg/BMI/day). Results: Thirteen patients suffered from airway complications postoperatively (bronchopulmonary fistula, 9; bronchial stenosis, 4). There was a tendency for early development of airway complications in the steroid use group compared to the non-steroid use group, but it was not significant (percentage free from airway complications in year 1: non-steroid group, 90.9% vs. steroid group, 79.2%; p=0.43). The percentage of patients in the LD and HD groups who were free from airway complications in year 1 was not significantly different (84.0% vs. 77.8%, p=0.39). Conclusion: The airway complication rate did not vary significantly according to steroid use. Additionally, in patients who received preoperative steroids, the dose did not affect the rate of development of airway complications.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.413-422
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• 2022

Objectives: To investigate the weight loss effect of Gambi-tang in obese and overweight adults. Methods: From September 1, 2016 to December 31, 2021, a retrospective chart analysis was conducted on adult men and women who were prescribed Gambi-tang to address obesity and overweight in the National Medical Center (NMC). Partial analysis by age, obesity (Body Mass Index, BMI), duration of dose, and cumulative dose was also conducted. Results: The weight and BMI of the study subjects showed a significant decrease of more than 5% on average before and after treatment. In an analysis of age, significant differences by age could not be confirmed. In the analysis by obesity level, the effect of reducing weight, body fat, and abdominal fat rates in the obese and highly obese groups was greater than in the normal and overweight groups. There was no significant difference by group in the analysis by dosage period. In the analysis by cumulative dose, the greater the cumulative dose up to 1,800 g, the greater the decrease in weight and body fat. The side effect that patients appealed to the most was misjudgment, but not to a serious extent. Conclusions: Gambi-tang has been shown to be effective in weight and body fat loss for both obese and overweight adult men and women.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2018

Background: Roflumilast is the only approved oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with chronic bronchitis and a history of frequent exacerbations. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of adverse effects associated with roflumilast treatment in a real-world setting. Further, we compared the incidence of adverse effects and the discontinuation rate among patients receiving different doses. Methods: We identified all outpatients diagnosed with COPD at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital between May 2011 and September 2016 and retrospectively reviewed their medical records. Roflumilast was prescribed to patients in doses of $500{\mu}g$ and $250{\mu}g$. Results: A total of 269 COPD patients were prescribed roflumilast in our hospital during the study period. Among them, 178 patients were treated with $500{\mu}g$ and 91 patients were treated with $250{\mu}g$. The incidence of adverse effects was 38.2% in the $500{\mu}g$ group and 25.3% in the $250{\mu}g$ group (p=0.034). The discontinuation rate of roflumilast was 41.6% (n=74) in the $500{\mu}g$ group and 23.1% (n=21) in the $250{\mu}g$ group (p=0.003). When adjusted by age, sex, smoking status, and lung function, $500{\mu}g$ dose was significantly associated with the discontinuation of roflumilast (odds ratio, 2.87; p<0.001). Conclusion: There was a lower incidence of adverse effects and discontinuation among patients treated with $250{\mu}g$ compared with $500{\mu}g$ dose. Further studies regarding the optimal dose of roflumilast are required.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.35
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• pp.7-13
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• 2023

Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the effect of using a customized bolus on dose delivery in the treatment plan when cervical cancer protruded out of the body along with the uterus and evaluated reproducibility in patient set-up. Materials & Methods: The treatment plan used the Eclipse Treatment Planning System (Version 15.5.0, Varian, USA) and the treatment machine was VitalBeam (Varian Medical Systems, USA). The radiotherapy technique used 6 MV energy in the AP/PA direction with 3D-CRT. The prescribed dose is 1.8 Gy/fx and the total dose is 50.4 Gy/28 fx. Semiflex TM31010 (PTW, Germany) was used as the ion chamber, and the dose distribution was analyzed and evaluated by comparing the planned and measured dose according to each position movement and the tumor center dose. The first measurement was performed at the center by applying a customized bolus to the phantom, and the measurement was performed while moving in the range of -2 cm to +2 cm in the X, Y, and Z directions from the center assuming a positional error. It was measured at intervals of 0.5 cm, the Y-axis direction was measured up to ±3 cm, and the situation in which Bolus was set-up incorrectly was also measured. The measured doses were compared based on doses corrected to CT Hounsfield Unit (HU) 240 of silicon instead of the phantom's air cavity. Result: The treatment dose distribution was uniform when the customized bolus was used, and there was no significant difference between the prescribed dose and the actual measured value even when positional errors occurred. It was confirmed that the existing sheet-type bolus is difficult to compensate for irregularly shaped tumors protruding outside the body, but customized Bolus is found to be useful in delivering treatment doses uniformly.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.30 no.1_2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

Purpose : Intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) has been widely used for radiation therapy of Prostate Cancer because it can reduce radiation adverse effects on normal tissues and deliver more dose to the Prostate than 3D radiation therapy. Volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) has been widely used due to recent advances in equipment and treatment techniques. VMAT can reduce treatment time by up to 55 % compared to IMRT, minimizing motion error during treatment. Materials and Methods : In this study, compared the MU and DVH values of 10 patients with prostate cancer by classifying them into 4 groups with 5 LN-Prostate groups and 5 Only-Prostate. And DQA measurements were performed using ArcCHECK and MapCHECK. Results : The results of Target and OAR dose distribution of Prostate patients are as follows. $D_{max}$ was in the range of 100~110 % in 4 groups, and more than 110 % of hot spot was not seen. Only-Prostate ($P_1$, $P_2$) without LN had a satisfactory dose distribution for the target dose, but slightly better for 2 arc plan($P_2$) than 1 arc plan($P_1$). The target dose $D_{98%}$ distribution in the LN-Prostate ($P_{L1}$, $P_{L2}$) group showed better 2 arc plan($P_{L2}$) than 1 arc plan($P_{L1}$), But in the case of 1 arc plan($P_{L1}$), the target dose $D_{98%}$ value was not enough. In OAR, the dose distribution of 1 Arc($P_1$) Plan and 2 Arc($P_2$) Plan in the Only-Prostate ($P_1$, $P_2$) Group satisfied the prescribed dose value. But, The dose distribution of 1 arc($P_1$) was slightly higher. In LN-Prostate OAR, 1 Arc($P_{L1}$) Plan showed higher dose than the prescribed dose. The Gamma evaluation pass rate of ArcCHECK and MapCHECK calculated from the DQA measurements was slightly higher than 99 % and the mean error range of the point dose measurements using the CC04 ion chamber was less than 1 %. Conclusion : In this study, Only-Prostate ($P_1$, $P_2$) group, the dose of 2 Arc plan was better. However, considering the treatment time and MU value, 1 Arc treatment method was more suitable. In the LN-Prostate ($P_{L1}$, $P_{L2}$) group, 2 Arc($P_{L2}$) treatment method showed better results and satisfied with Target $D_{98%}$ and OAR prescription dose.