• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.683-694
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to improve the health related quality of life through the efficient weight reduction by analyzing the ecological factors related to completion of weight reduction program in the obese premenopausal women aged 20-29 years. The factors influencing completion of obesity management programs in the obese women were the preferences of sweet and salt taste, health related quality of life (general health, role emotional), eating attitude scores, and regularity of mealtime scores. The finding that the completion of obese management programme were improved if the health-related quality of life was high and the physiological status related symptoms of stress, depress, and eating disorder were good has implications for the treatment of obesity. The questionnaire used this study can be available to develop the obesity assessment sheets which is required the exploration of the characteristics of obese women and the tailored multi-disciplinary obesity management program. Moreover, the obesity assessment sheets will make a contribution to determine types of the programs that is suitable for obesity women before starting an obesity management program.

• 한국식품영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양학회 2003년도 하계 학술 심포지엄
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• pp.76-76
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean premenopausal women. Seventy-eight premenopausal women who visited health promotion center for health examinations volunteered to participate in this study and they were divided into two groups according to the bone status by T-score : normal or osteopenic group and osteoporotic group. The demographic and general characteristics, and dietary intake were surveyed using the questionnaire. BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck of subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum samples were measured for Lipid concentration, and calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase as bone formation indicators. Urine was analysed for creatinine as bone resolution indicators. The results are as follows:The mean BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were 1.21 0.02g/cm$^2$ and 0.97 0.04g/cm$^2$, respectively and the BMD levels of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than that of normal or osteopenic group (p<0.001, respectively). Height in osteoporotic group was significantly lower than that of normal or osteopenic group (p<0.01), and bodyweight did not show any significant difference but had a lower tendency. Mean daily intake of energy was 1720 52ka1. When nutrient intake was compared with recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of subjects, calcium, Fe, vitamin A and riboflavin intakes showed means lower than RDA. The nutrient intake did not show any significant difference between normal or osteopenic group and osteoporotic group except intakes of protein fat and niacin. Serum and urine levels did not show any significant differences between normal or osteopenic group and osteoporotic group and all were within normal range, however, serum alkaline phosphatase level of osteoporotic group was significantly higher than that of normal or osteopenic group (p<0.001). Height showed positive correlations with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD, r=0.332, p<0.01), no correlation was found with femoral neck bone mineral density (NBMD). Age, age at menarche, bodyweight, body mass index (BMI) and obesity showed no correlation with BMD. The BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly and positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C (r=0.236, p<0.05; r=0.274, p<0.05). Serum levels of calcium and phosphorus showed a negative correlation with LBMD (r=-0.698, p=0.0001; r=-0.503, p=0.0001, respectively). The results suggested that the BMDs of the lumbar spine was positively related to the intake of niacin and vitamin C in premenopausal women. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective way to minimize bone loss would be higher intake of niacin and vitamin C rich foods and habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD in premenopausal period.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.450-462
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• 2012

본 연구는 2008~2009년도 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 45세~60세 중년여성의 식사의 질을 포함한 다각적인 건강 행태를 파악하고자 폐경 전 후의 인구사회학적인 특성, 신체적, 정신적, 혈액학적, 식사의 질의 특성을 분석하여 건강 요인과 폐경과의 관계를 분석하고자 하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1) 조사대상자 중 폐경 후 여성이 폐경 전 여성에 비해 연령이 유의적으로 높았고(p < 0.001), 교육수준(p < 0.001)과 월 소득(p < 0.01)은 유의적으로 낮았다. 2) 체지방률(p < 0.001)과 허리둘레(p < 0.001)는 폐경 후 여성이 폐경 전 여성에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 3) 혈액학적 지표 특성 중 혈당(p < 0.05), 총 콜레스테롤(p < 0.001), LDL-콜레스테롤(p < 0.001), 중성지방(p < 0.001), GOT(p < 0.001), GPT(p < 0.001)의 농도가 폐경 후 여성이 폐경 전 여성에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 4) 삶의 질은 폐경 전 여성이 폐경 후 여성에 비해 유의적(p < 0.01)으로 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 불안/우울 정도와 스트레스 수준은 두 그룹 간 차이가 없었다. 5) 식사의 질은 평균 영양소 적정섭취비(MAR)가 0.78로 다소 낮았으며, 폐경 전 후 각 군을 비교 한 결과에서는 비타민 A, 비타민 $B_1$, 비타민 $B_2$, 나이아신의 NAR 값이 폐경 후 여성에서 폐경 전 여성에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다(p < 0.05). 6) 중년여성의 연령, 허리둘레, 체지방률, BMI는 혈당, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지방과 모두 양의 상관성을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 폐경 후 여성의 비만도가 폐경 전 여성에 비해 다소 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 혈중 지질 농도 또한 폐경 후 여성에서 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타내어 폐경 후 여성의 비만 및 혈중 지질 관리가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 칼슘, 칼륨, 비타민 $B_2$ 등의 비타민, 무기질 영양상태가 한국인의 영양섭취기준을 충족시키지 못하는 수준인 것으로 확인되었으며, 이러한 양상은 폐경 후 여성에서 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타나 앞으로 기대 수명이 증가하면서 폐경 후 의 삶이 증가된다는 점에서 볼 때 폐경 후 여성의 세밀한 건강관리와 식사의 질적 보완을 위한 체계적인 건강 및 영양교육 프로그램 구축이 사회적으로 반드시 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2003

To investigate the association between breast cancer risk and nutrient intake in Korean women, a case-control study was carried out. Incident cases (n=224) were identified through cancer biopsy between february 1999 and December 2000 at two university hospitals in Seoul. Hospital-based controls (n=250) were selected from patients in the same hospitals, during the same periods. food intake was investigated with semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (98 items) by a trained dietitian. Subjects were asked to indicate the average intake, for a 12-month period of three years prior to the baseline phase. In this study, no apparent association was found between fat intake level and breast cancer risk. High fiber intake showed a significant inverse association only among premenopausal women. In terms of antioxidant vitamins, $\beta$-carotene and vitamin C among premenopausal women and vitamin C intake among postmenopausal women was significantly associated with a decreasing risk of breast cancer. A protective effect of high calcium consumption was observed among postmenopausal women. In conclusion, our findings support epidemiological evidence that antioxidant vitamin intake could lower the breast cancer risk in Korea.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.268-281
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• 1997

This study was done for the purpose of analysing the relationship between menopausal syndrome and depression in the pre and post menopausal women's group. Data were collected by a questionnaire from November, 1995 to December, 1996. The subject were 244 midlife women(94 subjects were in pre-menopausal period, 150 subject were in post-menopausal period). The instruments used for this study were the menopausal syndrome scale by Neugarton and depression scale by Zung. Data were analyzed with the SPSS/PC using frequency, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The most serious menopausal symptom in the midlife women was 'back pain and joint pain'. 2. The item of 'Hot flush'(t=-2.78, p<0.01), 'sweating'(t=-2.31, p<0.05) and 'nervousness'(t=-2.13, p<0.05) as menopausal syndromes were statistically significant in the two groups ; Post menopausal group were higher then premenopausal group. 3. Postmenopausal group were a little higher then premenopausal group as depression level. It was none statistically significant in the two groups. 4. The relationship between menopausal syndromes and the level of depression was statistically significant in the group of post-menopausal group(r=0.2083, p<0.01).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권11호
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• pp.1490-1500
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• 2021

Various microorganisms reside in the human vagina; the vaginal microbiome is closely linked to both vaginal and general health, and for this reason, microbiome studies of the vagina are an area of research. In this study, we analyzed the vaginal microbiome of women before and after menopause to further increase our understanding of the vaginal microbiome and its contribution to general health. We did a 16s rRNA gene-based metagenomic analysis on the vaginal fluids of 11 premenopausal and 19 postmenopausal women in Korea. We confirmed that the taxonomic composition was significantly different between the two groups. In postmenopausal women, species richness was significantly decreased, but species diversity was significantly increased. In particular, among the taxonomic components corresponding to all taxon ranks of the vaginal microbiome, a reduction in Lactobacillus taxa after menopause contributed the most to the difference between the two groups. In addition, we confirmed through metabolic analysis that the lactic-acid concentration was also decreased in the vaginal fluid of women after menopause. Our findings on the correlation between menopause and the microbiome could help diagnose menopause and enhance the prevention and treatment diseases related to menopause.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3391-3396
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• 2014

Background: Vitamin D has been suggested as one of the critical factors for female reproductive health with protective activities against different cancers but there are conflicting facts regarding its role on breast cancer without any clear data on premenopausal cases. This study aimed to evaluate the role of vitamin D from dietary sources and sunlight exposure on the incidence of premenopausal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case control study on 60 newly diagnosed premenopausal breast cancer patients and 116 normal women who lived in Sabzevar and surrounding villages in Razavi, Khorasan, a rural and conservative area of Iran. Results: The mean concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in cases and controls were $15.2{\pm}8.15$ vs $15.5{\pm}7/45ng/ml$, both well below normal values elsewhere. In fact 50% of analyzed individuals showed very severe or severe vitamin D deficiency and the rest (25%) were detected in suboptimal levels. Although the lack of vitamin D and calcium supplementation increased slightly the risk of premenopausal breast cancer (p=0.009, OR=1.115, CI 95%=1.049-1.187), higher prevalence of weekly egg consumption (86.66% vs 96.55%, p=0.023, OR=0.232, CI 95% 0.065-0.806) showed a slight protective role. The last but the most important risk factor was lack of sunlight exposure because the breast cancer patients had total body coverage from sun (p=0.007, OR=10.131, CI 98% 0.314-78.102). Conclusion: This study pointed out the role of vitamin D and other possible risk factors on the development and growth of breast tumors in this special geographical region. Although this study has revealed the interactions between hormonal and environmental factors in this province of Iran, understanding the deficiency pattern and its contribution to other lifestyle factors elsewhere is also necessary.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutritional status of iron and bone minernl density in premenopausal women. In the study, we classified the subjects into osteopenia (-2.5-I, n=29) groups according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake analysis and blood biochemistry measurements were performed on the subjects. The average ages of those in the osteopenia and normal groups were 22.2 yrs and 23.0 yrs, respectively, with no significant difference. The average body mass index (p<0.05) of those in the osteopenia group (19.6) was significantly lower than that of the normal group (21.3). The mean protein intake of those in the osteopenia group was significantly lower than that (p<0.05) the subjects in the normal group. The osteopenia group consumed a significantly lower amount of iron (p<0.05) and non-heme iron (p<0.05) compared to the normal group. The intakes of total food, vegetables and milk of those in the osteopenia group were significantly lower than those of the subjects in the normal group. The serum ferritin (p<0.001) level of those in the osteopenia group was significantly lower than those of the subjects in the normal group. In conclusion, a balance of iron status may be helpful in the prevention of bone mass loss in premenopausal young women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3469-3476
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• 2016

Background: The cancer research literature suggests that women, especially premenopausal women, have lower cancer mortality rates than men. However, it is unclear if that is true for populations at all age levels in all countries and what factors affect such sex differences. This paper attempts to fill that gap. Materials and Methods: Sex- and country-specific cancer mortality data were statistically analyzed with particular attention to geographic, social, and economic factors that may affect the sex differences. Results: The sex differences were age and country specific, rather than universal. Premenopausal women actually tend to have a disadvantage compared to men or postmenopausal women. Male cancer mortality appears to be the affecting factor in explaining variations in sex differences. Latitude of residence and literacy rate are the affecting factors in cancer mortality and sex differences. African and Latin American countries tend to have a female disadvantage, while East Asian and Eastern European countries are more likely to have a female advantage. Conclusions: The findings challenge the cancer mortality literature and indicate that the sex differences and their possible causes are more complicated than the current literature suggests. They also highlight the urgency of adapting age- and country- specific health systems and policies to better meet the needs of younger women.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.6246-6256
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• 2013

본 연구는 폐경 전 여성의 골밀도를 조사하고 골밀도에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하기 위해 시도된 연구로 2011년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 폐경 전 여성의 골밀도에 미치는 영향요인으로 BMI, 나이, 걷기운동이었고 설명력은 11.7%이었다. 이중 가장 큰 영향력이 있는 것은 BMI로 저체중, 정상, 과체중에 따라 골밀도 수치에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 20대가 50대에 비해 골밀도 감소가 유의하게 나타났고, 걷기운동에서는 3일 이하 운동이 골밀도 감소에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 폐경 전 여성인 경우 골밀도 유지를 위해 과도한 다이어트를 지양하고 올바른 체형인식을 할 필요가 있다. 특히 최대 골질량 형성기인 20대 여성을 대상으로 적절한 영양과 운동 및 생활습관을 위한 보건교육프로그램을 개발 적용한 추후 연구를 제언한다.